A regional shear-wave velocity (VS) model has been developed for the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands as the basis for seismic microzonation of an area of more than 1000 km2. The VS model, extending to a depth of almost 1 km, is an essential input to the modelling of hazard and risk due to induced earthquakes in the region. The detailed VS profiles are constructed from a novel combination of three data sets covering different, partially overlapping depth ranges. The uppermost 50 m of the VS profiles are obtained from a high-resolution geological model with representative VS values assigned to the sediments. Field measurements of VS were used to derive representative VS values for the different types of sediments. The profiles from 50 to 120 m are obtained from inversion of surface waves recorded (as noise) during deep seismic reflection profiling of the gas reservoir. The deepest part of the profiles is obtained from sonic logging and VP–VS relationships based on measurements in deep boreholes. Criteria were established for the splicing of the three portions to generate continuous models over the entire depth range for use in site response calculations, for which an elastic half-space is assumed to exist below a clear stratigraphic boundary and impedance contrast encountered at about 800 m depth. In order to facilitate fully probabilistic site response analyses, a scheme for the randomisation of the VS profiles is implemented.@en

The dynamic behavior of a peat deposit in the north of the Netherlands is described. The organic content ranges from 70% to 95%, which is high compared to the organic content generally presented in publications on the dynamic behavior of peats. Shear wave velocities vs and correspondingly small-strain shear moduli G0 closely match values stated in the literature. Correlations stated in the literature for predicting G0 proved to be applicable. Resonant column and cyclic direct simple shear tests were performed to establish the shear modulus reduction curves and damping curves. Excess pore pressure development during testing indicates dilatant behavior. The general trend shows nearly flat shear modulus reduction and damping curves at small strains regardless of organic content. Cyclic direct simple shear tests on humified material showed a larger pore pressure buildup than found in tests on non-to-moderately humified material. Differences in degree of humification did not result in significant differences in the shear modulus reduction curve, including G0 values. Large scatter was found in the damping curves. For the humified material, tested at low stress level, a discontinuity in the damping curve is found at shear strain of 3%, which corresponds to a rapid pore pressure buildup in the tests.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en

We have built two geological models that serve as input for the seismic hazard and risk analysis of the onshore gas field of the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The first model describes the liquefaction potential indicators and the second model consists of the characterisation and layer model for site response calculations. The models have a regional coverage spanning an area of more than 1,000 km2.@en