This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the Martian ionosphere using Mutual Radio Occultation (RO) observations between Mars Express and Trace Gas Orbiter, featuring 71 full vertical profiles out of a total of 124 measurements. Among these, 35 measurements were taken from regions with Solar Zenith Angles lower than 40°. The profiles also represent the largest data set for the lower M1 ionospheric layer during the midday ever measured. This paper has also been submitted with a comprehensive data set, which marks the first time MEX-TGO RO data has been made available to the community. Additionally, neutral temperature profiles have been extracted from the measurements. We find unexpected features in the lower thermosphere temperature behavior which we conclude is likely due to the effects of local circulation and associated dynamical heating rather than solar-controlled.

Spacecraft-to-spacecraft radio occultations experiments are being conducted at Mars between Mars Express (MEX) and Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), the first ever extensive inter-spacecraft occultations at a planet other than Earth. Here we present results from the first 83 such occultations, conducted between 2 Nov 2020 and 5th of July 2023. Of these, 44 observations have to-date resulted in the extraction of vertical electron density profiles. These observations are the successful results of a major feasibility study conducted by the European Space Agency to use pre-existing relay communication equipment for radio science purposes. Mutual radio occultations have numerous advantages over traditional spacecraft-to-ground station occultations. In this work, we demonstrate how raw data are transformed into electron density values and validated with models and other instruments.