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The Goddard Profiling algorithm (GPROF) converts radiometer observations from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) constellation satellites into precipitation estimates. Typically, high-quality ground-based estimates serve as reference to evaluate GPROF's performance. To provid ...
This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art of land surface rainfall estimation using measurements from weather radars, personal weather stations, and commercial microwave links, including comparisons to rain gauge measurements. These studies are related to recently emerging field ...
Spaceborne microwave radiometers represent an important component of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission due to their frequent sampling of rain systems. Microwave radiometers measure microwave radiation (brightness temperatures Tb), which can be converted into prec ...

Gauging the ungauged

Estimating rainfall in a West African urbanized river basin using ground-based and spaceborne sensors

Accurate precipitation observations are crucial for hydrological forecasts, notably over rapidly responding urban areas. This study evaluated the accuracy of three gridded spaceborne rainfall products (Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Meteosat Second Generat ...
Observations retrieved from radiometers aboard several satellites are combined in the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) to provide a global precipitation dataset. Radiometers are able to sense the radiance naturally emitted by the Earth's surface or emitted/scatt ...
During the last decade, rainfall monitoring using signal-level data from commercial microwave links (CMLs) in cellular communication networks has been proposed as a complementary way to estimate rainfall for large areas. Path-Averaged rainfall is retrieved between the transmittin ...
The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) operates two operational dual-polarization C-band weather radars providing 2D radar rainfall products. Attenuation can result in severe underestimation of rainfall amounts, particularly in convective situations that are known ...
e investigate the spatiotemporal structure of rainfall at spatial scales from 7 m to over 200 km in the Netherlands. We used data from two networks of laser disdrometers with complementary interstation distances in two Dutch cities (comprising five and six disdrometers, respectiv ...
The presence of significant biases in real-time radar quantitative precipitation estimations (QPEs) limits its use in hydrometeorological forecasting systems. Here, we introduce CARROTS (Climatology-based Adjustments for Radar Rainfall in an OperaTional Setting), a set of fixed b ...
Applications like drought monitoring and forecasting can profit from the global and near-real-time availability of satellite-based precipitation estimates once their related uncertainties and challenges are identified and treated. To this end, this study evaluates the IMERG V06B ...
Commercial microwave links (CMLs) from cellular telecommunication networks can provide a valuable 'opportunistic' source of high-resolution space-time rainfall information, complementing traditional in-situ measurement devices (rain gauges, disdrometers) and remote sensors (weath ...
We present a novel method of using two or three collocated microwave link instruments to estimate the three parameters of a gamma raindrop size distribution (DSD) model. This allows path-average DSD measurements over a path length of several kilometers as opposed to the point mea ...

Opportunistic weather sensors

An Amsterdam case study of private weather stations, commercial microwave links and smartphones

Several opportunistic sensors (private weather stations, commercial microwave links and smartphones) are employed to obtain weather information and successfully monitor urban weather events. The ongoing urbanisation and climate change urges further understanding and monitoring of ...
The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) operates two dual-polarization C-band weather radars in simultaneous transmission and reception (STAR; i.e., horizontally and vertically polarized pulses are transmitted simultaneously) mode, providing 2D radar rainfall produc ...
Automatic personal weather stations owned and maintained by weather enthusiasts provide spatially dense in situ measurements that are often collected and visualized in real time on online weather platforms. While the spatial and temporal resolution of this data source is high, it ...
Many studies suggest that high-density rain gauge networks are required to capture the rainfall heterogeneities necessary to accurately describe the components of the hydrological cycle. However, equipping and maintaining a high-density rain gauge network will also involve high c ...
We present a measurement campaign to address several error sources associated with rainfall estimates from microwave links in cellular communication networks. The core of the experiment is provided by three co-located microwave links installed between two major buildings on oppos ...
Microwave backhaul links from cellular communication networks provide a valuable “opportunistic” source of high-resolution space–time rainfall information, comple-menting traditional in situ measurement devices (rain gauges, disdrometers) and remote sensors (weather radars, satel ...
In the last decade there has been a growing interest from the hydrometeorological community regarding rainfall estimation from commercial microwave link (CML) networks. Path-averaged rainfall intensities can be retrieved from the signal attenuation between cell phone towers. Alth ...