Pharmaceuticals have received extensive scientific and socio-economic attention worldwide due to their acute and chronic toxic effects on plants, animals, and human health. However, the geographical distribution and seasonal variability of pharmaceutical mixtures in aquatic environments remain underexplored, especially in resource-deficient countries. The present review provides an in-depth analysis of the seasonal occurrence of pharmaceuticals, particularly antibiotics detected over the last five years in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. The effectiveness of the conventional and advanced drinking water treatment processes is discussed with a focus on the adsorption and ozonation processes, commonly employed at drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Findings reveal median concentrations of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals in drinking water worldwide, often exceeding their levels in groundwater. This underscores the urgent need for global-scale, long-term monitoring of antibiotics in aquatic systems, especially in DWTPs. Beyond targeted analysis, non-targeted analysis (NTA) should be integrated into routine water quality monitoring at DWTPs to identify novel contaminants, including fluorinated pharmaceuticals. Finally, this review provides an overview concerning the process-based and data-driven modelling of pharmaceutical occurrence, fate, and transport as a complementary approach to sampling and lab-scaled experiments, especially in resource-limited settings. Strengthening long-term monitoring, expanding treatment solutions, integrating modelling tools, and promoting green chemistry innovations are crucial to mitigating risks and safeguarding water quality.@en

In this review, we present the environmental perspectives of the viruses and antiviral drugs related to SARS-CoV-2. The present review paper discusses occurrence, fate, transport, susceptibility, and inactivation mechanisms of viruses in the environment as well as environmental occurrence and fate of antiviral drugs, and prospects (prevalence and occurrence) of antiviral drug resistance (both antiviral drug resistant viruses and antiviral resistance in the human). During winter, the number of viral disease cases and environmental occurrence of antiviral drug surge due to various biotic and abiotic factors such as transmission pathways, human behaviour, susceptibility, and immunity as well as cold climatic conditions. Adsorption and persistence critically determine the fate and transport of viruses in the environment. Inactivation and disinfection of virus include UV, alcohol, and other chemical-base methods but the susceptibility of virus against these methods varies. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reserviors of antiviral drugs and their metabolites and transformation products. Ecotoxicity of antiviral drug residues against aquatic organisms have been reported, however more threatening is the development of antiviral resistance, both in humans and in wild animal reservoirs. In particular, emergence of antiviral drug-resistant viruses via exposure of wild animals to high loads of antiviral residues during the current pandemic needs further evaluation.@en