A delayed detached eddy simulation of an overexpanded nozzle flow with shock-induced separation is carried out at a Reynolds number of, based on nozzle throat diameter and stagnation chamber properties. In this flow, self-sustained shock oscillations induce local unsteady loads on the nozzle wall as well as global off-axis forces. Despite several studies in the last few decades, a clear physical understanding of the factors driving this unsteadiness is still lacking. The geometry under investigation is a subscale truncated ideal contour nozzle, which was experimentally tested at the University of Texas at Austin at a nozzle pressure ratio of 30. Under these conditions, the nozzle operates in a highly overexpanded state and comprises a conical separation shock that merges to form a Mach disk at the nozzle centre. The delayed detached eddy simulation model agrees well with the experimental results in terms of mean and fluctuating wall-pressure statistics. Wall-pressure spectra reveal a large bump at low frequencies associated with an axisymmetric (piston-like) motion of the shock system, followed by a broad and high-amplitude peak at higher frequencies associated with the Mach waves produced by turbulent eddies convecting through the detached shear layer. Moreover, a distinct peak at an intermediate frequency persists in the wall-pressure spectra downstream of the separation shock. A Fourier-based analysis performed in both time and space (azimuthal wavenumber) reveals that this intermediate-frequency peak is associated with the (non-symmetric) pressure mode and is thus related to the generation of aerodynamic side loads. It is then shown how the unsteady Mach disk motion is characterized by an intense vortex shedding activity that, together with the vortical structures of the annular shear layer, contributes to the sustainment of an aeroacoustic feedback loop occurring within the nozzle.@en

A quantitative assessment of the acoustic source field produced by a laboratory-scale heated jet with a gas dynamic Mach number of 1.55 and an acoustic Mach number of 2.41 is performed using arrays of microphones that are traversed across the axial and radial plane of the jet's acoustic field. The nozzle contour comprises a method of characteristics shape so that shock-related noise is minimal and the dominant sound production mechanism is from Mach waves. The spatial topography of the overall sound pressure level is shown to be dominated by a distinct lobe residing on the principal acoustic emission path, which is expected from flows of this kind with supersonic convective acoustic Mach numbers. The sound field is then analysed on a per-frequency basis in order to identify the location, strength, convection velocity and propagation angle of the various axially distributed noise sources. The analysis reveals a collection of unique data-informed polar patterns of the sound intensity for each frequency. It is shown how these polar patterns can be propagated to any point in the far field with extreme accuracy using the inverse square law. Doing so allows one to gauge the kinds of errors that are encountered using a nozzle-centred source to calculate sound pressure spectrum levels and acoustic power. It is proposed that the measurement strategy described here be used for situations where measurements are being used to compare different facilities, for extrapolating measurements to different geometric scales, for model validation or for developing noise control strategies. @en

A method for calculating the effective Gol'dberg number for diverging waveforms is presented, which leverages known features of a high-speed jet and its associated sound field. The approach employs a ray tube situated along the Mach wave angle where the sound field is not only most intense, but advances from undergoing cylindrical decay to spherical decay. Unlike other efforts, a "piecewise-spreading regime" model is employed, which yields, separately, effective Gol'dberg numbers for the cylindrically and spherically spreading regions in the far field. The new approach is applied to a plethora of experimental databases, encompassing both laboratory-and full-scale jet noise studies. The findings demonstrate how cumulative nonlinear distortion is expected to form in the acoustic near field of laboratoryscale round jets where pressure amplitudes decay cylindrically; waveformdistortion is not expected in the acoustic far field where waveform amplitudes diverge spherically. On the other hand, where full-scale jet studies are concerned, effective Gol'dberg number calculations demonstrate how cumulative waveform distortion is significant in both the cylindrical-and spherical-spreading regimes. The laboratory-scale studies also reveal a pronounced sensitivity to humidity conditions, relative to the full-scale counterpart.@en