The tetragonal ordered form of BaSnF₄ is of particular interest, as its ionic conductivity is high enough to enable its uses as an electrolyte in all-solid-state fluoride-ion batteries. Despite several studies related to its synthesis, structure, and fluoride-ion diffusion mechanism, reported routes often yield impurities as well as unexplained variation in the unit-cell c-axis length. Here, we report on the single-phase synthesis of t-BaSnF₄ via spark plasma sintering, a method that could be used to prepare bulk-type all-solid-state inorganic batteries in one step. By optimizing different parameters (temperature, setup features, etc.), we reached a high ionic conductivity of 5 × 10^-3 S·cm^-1 at 30 °C. In addition, we show that two main factors affect the ionic conductivity. First, on a microstructural scale, the preferential growth of crystallites along the c-axis results in a decrease of the ionic conductivity of resulting powders because of the two-dimensional (2D) fluoride-ion diffusion in this material. Second, on the atomic scale, the increase of the unit-cell c-axis length is concomitant with a decrease of the ionic conductivity. A combined neutron diffraction and ¹⁹F solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR study reveals that the observed increase of the unit-cell c-axis length is due to the partial occupancy of octahedral interstitial sites. NMR allows us to identify these interstitial sites (the F4 site) with distinct isotropic chemical shift values. Furthermore, variable-temperature ¹⁹F solid-state MAS NMR reveals that these F4-ions do not exchange with fluoride-ions (F1 and F3) that are responsible for the transport properties. Hence, the occupancy of these interstitial sites tends to lower the 2D fluoride-ion conductivity, and the unit-cell c-axis length can be used as a guideline to ensure the preparation of highly conductive samples provided that the microstructure is controlled. Overall, this study provides a novel route to prepare pure t-BaSnF₄ while establishing a better understanding of the factors affecting its transport properties.

Highly conductive solid electrolytes are fundamental for all solid-state batteries with low inner cell resistance. Such fast solid electrolytes are often found by systematic substitution experiments in which one atom is exchanged for another, and corresponding changes in ionic transport are monitored. With this strategy, compositions with the most promising transport properties can be identified fast and reliably. However, the substitution of one element does not only influence the crystal structure and diffusion channel size (static) but also the underlying bonding interactions and with it the vibrational properties of the lattice (dynamic). Since both static and dynamic properties influence the diffusion process, simple one-dimensional substitution series only provide limited insights to the importance of changes in the structure and lattice dynamics for the transport properties. To overcome these limitations, we make use of a two-dimensional substitution approach, investigating and comparing the four single-substitution series Na3P1-xSbxS4, Na3P1-xSbxSe4, Na3PS4-ySey, and Na3SbS4-ySey. Specifically, we find that the diffusion channel size represented by the distance between S/Se ions cannot explain the observed changes of activation barriers throughout the whole substitution system. Melting temperatures and the herein newly defined anharmonic bulk modulus as descriptors for bonding interactions and corresponding lattice dynamics correlate well with the activation barriers, highlighting the relevance of lattice softness for the ion transport in this class of fast ion conductors.