Opportunistic sensors are increasingly used for rainfall measurement. However, their raw data are collected by a variety of systems that are often not primarily intended for rainfall monitoring, resulting in a plethora of different data formats and a lack of common standards. This hinders the sharing of opportunistic sensing (OS) data, their automated processing, and, at the end, their practical usage and integration into standard observation systems. This paper summarises the experiences of the more than 100 members of the OpenSense Cost Action involved in the OS of rainfall. We review the current practice of collecting and storing precipitation OS data and corresponding metadata, and propose new common guidelines describing the requirements on data and metadata collection, harmonising naming conventions, and defining human-readable and machine readable file formats for data and metadata storage. We focus on three sensors identified by the OpenSense community as prominent representatives of the OS of precipitation: Commercial microwave links (CML): fixed point-to-point radio links mainly used as backhauling connections in telecommunication networks Satellite microwave links (SML): radio links between geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites and ground user terminals. Personal weather stations (PWS): non-professional meteorological sensors owned by citizens. The conventions presented in this paper are primarily designed for storing, handling, and sharing historical time series and do not consider specific requirements for using OS data in real time for operational purposes. The conventions are already now accepted by the ever growing OpenSense community and represent an important step towards automated processing of OS raw data and community development of joint OS software packages.

The International Workshop on Rainfall Measurement Based on Microwave (MW) links from Commercial Cellular Communication Networks (Rain Cell) was held in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, from 30 March to 2 April 2015. The workshop's main objective was to build awareness and provide training on a technique that can provide accurate rainfall mapping in areas with poor rain gauge or weather radar coverage. The workshop brought together 87 participants representing research centers and weather services from 18 countries. A subgroup of 30 workshop participants followed a 2-day technical training course that covered in detail the physics of microwave attenuation by rain, other sources of signal fluctuations such as wet antennas, signal processing techniques to detect wet and dry periods and quantify rain-induced attenuation, and quantitative rain-rate estimation from microwave attenuation.