Yttria – partially stabilised zirconia (YPSZ) MoSi2 composites have been designed to prolong the lifetime of the matrix by self – healing cracks during thermal cycling. The healing reaction at high temperatures is based on the decomposition of MoSi2, leading to a volumetrically expanding reaction product, which seals the crack. In this work, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the fracture toughness of composites containing MoSi2 particles, produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) have been compared to conventional YPSZ. The CTE mismatch between YPSZ and MoSi2 was found to be small, implying that thermally induced mismatch stresses will be small and the composites have a similar CTE to conventional YPSZ. Fracture toughness was found not to be affected by the particles and showed similar values to unreinforced YPSZ. Cracks introduced by indentation have been shown neither to prefer, or avoid, the particles suggesting that such a composite system is capable of autonomously activating the self – healing reaction.@en

To prolong the lifetime of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) recently a new method of microcrack healing has been developed, which relies on damage initiated thermal decomposition of embedded molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) particles within the TBC matrix. While these MoSi2 particles have a beneficial effect on the structural stability of the TBC, the high thermal conductivity of MoSi2 may have an unfavourable but as yet unquantified impact on the thermal conductivity of the TBCs. In this work the thermal conductivity of spark plasma sintering (SPS) produced yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) model thermal barrier coatings containing 10 or 20 vol.% of MoSi2 healing particles was investigated using the laser flash method. Measurements were performed on free-standing composite material over a temperature range from room temperature up to 1000 °C. Microstructural analysis was carried out by SEM combined with image analysis to determine the size, distribution and area fraction of healing particles. The measurements were compared with the results from microstructure-based multi-physics finite element (FE) models and analytical models (the asymmetric Bruggeman model and the Nielsen model) in order to study the effects of the addition of MoSi2 particles as well as the presence of micro-pores on the apparent thermal conductivity. The results show a strongly non-linear increase in the thermal conductivity of the composite material with the MoSi2 volume fraction and a dependence on the aspect ratio of MoSi2 particles. Interparticle connectivity is shown to play a big role too.@en

To prolong the lifetime of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) recently a new method of microcrack healing has been developed, which relies on damage initiated thermal decomposition of embedded molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) particles within the TBC matrix. While these MoSi2 particles have a beneficial effect on the structural stability of the TBC, the high thermal conductivity of MoSi2 may have an unfavourable but as yet unquantified impact on the thermal conductivity of the TBCs. In this work the thermal conductivity of spark plasma sintering (SPS) produced yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) model thermal barrier coatings containing 10 or 20 vol.% of MoSi2 healing particles was investigated using the laser flash method. Measurements were performed on free-standing composite material over a temperature range from room temperature up to 1000 °C. Microstructural analysis was carried out by SEM combined with image analysis to determine the size, distribution and area fraction of healing particles. The measurements were compared with the results from microstructure-based multi-physics finite element (FE) models and analytical models (the asymmetric Bruggeman model and the Nielsen model) in order to study the effects of the addition of MoSi2 particles as well as the presence of micro-pores on the apparent thermal conductivity. The results show a strongly non-linear increase in the thermal conductivity of the composite material with the MoSi2 volume fraction and a dependence on the aspect ratio of MoSi2 particles. Interparticle connectivity is shown to play a big role too.@en

Damage initiation and evolution of three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal woven carbon fibre composite (3DOWC) is investigated experimentally and numerically. Meso-scale homogenisation of the representative volume element (RVE) is utilised to predict the elastic properties, simulate damage initiation and evolution when loaded in tension. The effect of intra-yarns transverse cracking and shear diffused damage on the in-plane transverse modulus and shear modulus is investigated while one failure criterion is introduced to simulate the matrix damage. The proposed model relies on two major assumptions. First, the effect of the binder yarns, on the in-plane properties, is neglected, so the 3DOWC unit cell can be approximated as a (0°/90°) cross-ply laminate. Second, a micro-mechanics based damage approach is used at the meso-scale, so damage indicators can be correlated, explicitly, to the density of cracks within the material. Results from the simulated RVE are validated against experimental results along the warp (0° direction) and weft (90° direction). This approach paves the road for more predictive models as damage evolution laws are obtained from micro mechanical considerations and rely on few well-defined material parameters. This largely differs from classical damage mechanics approaches in which the evolution law is obtained by retrofitting experimental observations.@en

Damage initiation and evolution of three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal woven carbon fibre composite (3DOWC) is investigated experimentally and numerically. Meso-scale homogenisation of the representative volume element (RVE) is utilised to predict the elastic properties, simulate damage initiation and evolution when loaded in tension. The effect of intra-yarns transverse cracking and shear diffused damage on the in-plane transverse modulus and shear modulus is investigated while one failure criterion is introduced to simulate the matrix damage. The proposed model relies on two major assumptions. First, the effect of the binder yarns, on the in-plane properties, is neglected, so the 3DOWC unit cell can be approximated as a (0°/90°) cross-ply laminate. Second, a micro-mechanics based damage approach is used at the meso-scale, so damage indicators can be correlated, explicitly, to the density of cracks within the material. Results from the simulated RVE are validated against experimental results along the warp (0° direction) and weft (90° direction). This approach paves the road for more predictive models as damage evolution laws are obtained from micro mechanical considerations and rely on few well-defined material parameters. This largely differs from classical damage mechanics approaches in which the evolution law is obtained by retrofitting experimental observations.@en

The autonomous crack-healing capability of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramic by surface oxidation at elevated temperatures has a huge potential for high temperature structural and protective coating applications. In this work we use time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (CT) to track the fine details of local crack filling phenomena in 3 dimensions (3D) with time. The maximum crack width that could be fully healed upon exposure to 1200 °C in air is 4.8 μm in 4 h and 10 μm after 12 h. Furthermore, during healing Cr7C3 phase is observed beneath the dense Al2O3 layer (average thickness of 1 μm on each crack surface) when the crack width exceeds 2 μm. The 3D image sequences indicated that the rate of healing is essentially independent of position along, or across, the crack faces. The crack healing kinetics of Cr2AlC at 1200 °C broadly follows a parabolic rate law with a rate constant of 4.6 × 10−4 μm2 s−1The microstructure, composition and thickness of the oxide scale in the healed crack area are characterized via post mortem SEM-EDS measurements and confirm the formation of an initial dense alumina layer on top of which a more porous layer forms. Impurity Cr particles appear to accelerate the oxidation process locally and correlative SEM imaging of the same region suggests this is by providing Cr2O3 nucleation sites.@en

The autonomous crack-healing capability of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramic by surface oxidation at elevated temperatures has a huge potential for high temperature structural and protective coating applications. In this work we use time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (CT) to track the fine details of local crack filling phenomena in 3 dimensions (3D) with time. The maximum crack width that could be fully healed upon exposure to 1200 °C in air is 4.8 μm in 4 h and 10 μm after 12 h. Furthermore, during healing Cr7C3 phase is observed beneath the dense Al2O3 layer (average thickness of 1 μm on each crack surface) when the crack width exceeds 2 μm. The 3D image sequences indicated that the rate of healing is essentially independent of position along, or across, the crack faces. The crack healing kinetics of Cr2AlC at 1200 °C broadly follows a parabolic rate law with a rate constant of 4.6 × 10−4 μm2 s−1The microstructure, composition and thickness of the oxide scale in the healed crack area are characterized via post mortem SEM-EDS measurements and confirm the formation of an initial dense alumina layer on top of which a more porous layer forms. Impurity Cr particles appear to accelerate the oxidation process locally and correlative SEM imaging of the same region suggests this is by providing Cr2O3 nucleation sites.@en

The autonomous crack-healing capability of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramic by surface oxidation at elevated temperatures has a huge potential for high temperature structural and protective coating applications. In this work we use time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (CT) to track the fine details of local crack filling phenomena in 3 dimensions (3D) with time. The maximum crack width that could be fully healed upon exposure to 1200 °C in air is 4.8 μm in 4 h and 10 μm after 12 h. Furthermore, during healing Cr7C3 phase is observed beneath the dense Al2O3 layer (average thickness of 1 μm on each crack surface) when the crack width exceeds 2 μm. The 3D image sequences indicated that the rate of healing is essentially independent of position along, or across, the crack faces. The crack healing kinetics of Cr2AlC at 1200 °C broadly follows a parabolic rate law with a rate constant of 4.6 × 10−4 μm2 s−1The microstructure, composition and thickness of the oxide scale in the healed crack area are characterized via post mortem SEM-EDS measurements and confirm the formation of an initial dense alumina layer on top of which a more porous layer forms. Impurity Cr particles appear to accelerate the oxidation process locally and correlative SEM imaging of the same region suggests this is by providing Cr2O3 nucleation sites.@en

The autonomous crack-healing capability of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramic by surface oxidation at elevated temperatures has a huge potential for high temperature structural and protective coating applications. In this work we use time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (CT) to track the fine details of local crack filling phenomena in 3 dimensions (3D) with time. The maximum crack width that could be fully healed upon exposure to 1200 °C in air is 4.8 μm in 4 h and 10 μm after 12 h. Furthermore, during healing Cr7C3 phase is observed beneath the dense Al2O3 layer (average thickness of 1 μm on each crack surface) when the crack width exceeds 2 μm. The 3D image sequences indicated that the rate of healing is essentially independent of position along, or across, the crack faces. The crack healing kinetics of Cr2AlC at 1200 °C broadly follows a parabolic rate law with a rate constant of 4.6 × 10−4 μm2 s−1The microstructure, composition and thickness of the oxide scale in the healed crack area are characterized via post mortem SEM-EDS measurements and confirm the formation of an initial dense alumina layer on top of which a more porous layer forms. Impurity Cr particles appear to accelerate the oxidation process locally and correlative SEM imaging of the same region suggests this is by providing Cr2O3 nucleation sites.@en

The autonomous crack-healing capability of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramic by surface oxidation at elevated temperatures has a huge potential for high temperature structural and protective coating applications. In this work we use time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (CT) to track the fine details of local crack filling phenomena in 3 dimensions (3D) with time. The maximum crack width that could be fully healed upon exposure to 1200 °C in air is 4.8 μm in 4 h and 10 μm after 12 h. Furthermore, during healing Cr7C3 phase is observed beneath the dense Al2O3 layer (average thickness of 1 μm on each crack surface) when the crack width exceeds 2 μm. The 3D image sequences indicated that the rate of healing is essentially independent of position along, or across, the crack faces. The crack healing kinetics of Cr2AlC at 1200 °C broadly follows a parabolic rate law with a rate constant of 4.6 × 10−4 μm2 s−1The microstructure, composition and thickness of the oxide scale in the healed crack area are characterized via post mortem SEM-EDS measurements and confirm the formation of an initial dense alumina layer on top of which a more porous layer forms. Impurity Cr particles appear to accelerate the oxidation process locally and correlative SEM imaging of the same region suggests this is by providing Cr2O3 nucleation sites.@en

The autonomous crack-healing capability of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramic by surface oxidation at elevated temperatures has a huge potential for high temperature structural and protective coating applications. In this work we use time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (CT) to track the fine details of local crack filling phenomena in 3 dimensions (3D) with time. The maximum crack width that could be fully healed upon exposure to 1200 °C in air is 4.8 μm in 4 h and 10 μm after 12 h. Furthermore, during healing Cr7C3 phase is observed beneath the dense Al2O3 layer (average thickness of 1 μm on each crack surface) when the crack width exceeds 2 μm. The 3D image sequences indicated that the rate of healing is essentially independent of position along, or across, the crack faces. The crack healing kinetics of Cr2AlC at 1200 °C broadly follows a parabolic rate law with a rate constant of 4.6 × 10−4 μm2 s−1The microstructure, composition and thickness of the oxide scale in the healed crack area are characterized via post mortem SEM-EDS measurements and confirm the formation of an initial dense alumina layer on top of which a more porous layer forms. Impurity Cr particles appear to accelerate the oxidation process locally and correlative SEM imaging of the same region suggests this is by providing Cr2O3 nucleation sites.@en

The autonomous crack-healing capability of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramic by surface oxidation at elevated temperatures has a huge potential for high temperature structural and protective coating applications. In this work we use time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (CT) to track the fine details of local crack filling phenomena in 3 dimensions (3D) with time. The maximum crack width that could be fully healed upon exposure to 1200 °C in air is 4.8 μm in 4 h and 10 μm after 12 h. Furthermore, during healing Cr7C3 phase is observed beneath the dense Al2O3 layer (average thickness of 1 μm on each crack surface) when the crack width exceeds 2 μm. The 3D image sequences indicated that the rate of healing is essentially independent of position along, or across, the crack faces. The crack healing kinetics of Cr2AlC at 1200 °C broadly follows a parabolic rate law with a rate constant of 4.6 × 10−4 μm2 s−1The microstructure, composition and thickness of the oxide scale in the healed crack area are characterized via post mortem SEM-EDS measurements and confirm the formation of an initial dense alumina layer on top of which a more porous layer forms. Impurity Cr particles appear to accelerate the oxidation process locally and correlative SEM imaging of the same region suggests this is by providing Cr2O3 nucleation sites.@en