The operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is often subject to state-dependent alterations and unstructured uncertainty factors, such as unmodelled dynamics, environmental weather disturbances, aerodynamics gradients, or changes in inertia and mass due to payloads. While a large number of autopilot solutions have been proposed to operate UAVs, none of these solutions is able to counteract the effects of state-dependent and unstructured uncertainties online by parameter estimation and adaptive control techniques. This work presents a systematic integration of adaptive control into ArduPilot, a popular open-source autopilot suite maintained by a large community of UAV developers. Adaptation features are embedded in the ArduPilot control structure without altering the original architecture, to allow users to use the autopilot suite as usual. Tests show that the proposed adaptive ArduPilot provides consistent improved performance in several uncertain flight conditions. The source code of the proposed adaptive ArduPilot is released at https://github.com/Friend-Peng/Adaptive-ArduPilot-Autopilot. ... Read more

This article presents an adaptive method for ArduPilot-based autopilots of fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). ArduPilot is a popular open-source unmanned vehicle software suite. We explore how to augment the PID loops embedded inside ArduPilot with a model-free adaptive control method. The adaptive augmentation, adopted for both attitude and total energy control, uses input/output data without requiring an explicit model of the UAV. The augmented architecture is tested in a software-in-The-loop UAV platform in the presence of several uncertainties (unmodeled low-level dynamics, different payloads, time-varying wind, and changing mass). The performance is measured in terms of tracking errors and control efforts of the attitude and total energy control loops. Extensive experiments with the original ArduPilot, the proposed augmentation, and alternative autopilot strategies show that the augmentation can significantly improve the performance for all payloads and wind conditions: The UAV is less affected by wind and exhibits more than 70% improved tracking, with more than 7% reduced control effort. ... Read more