Exploring more efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts to replace platinum (Pt) is highly desired to promote the practical hydrogen production through water splitting. Herein, a facile and effective strategy is proposed to fabricate self-standing Al3Ni2/Ni electrode with controlled phase composition and surface morphology, which is obtained by one-step electrochemical reduction of Al3+ on commercially available nickel in eutectic NaCl-KCl melt. Different from previously reported approaches, uniform Al3Ni2 monolith catalyst can directly grow onto Ni substrate. The deposit possesses unique three-dimensional (3D) cauliflower-like morphology comprising of nano- and microparticles due to the rapid nucleation rate during molten salt electrolysis. The as-fabricated Al3Ni2/Ni electrode can be directly used as the cathode to catalyze Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Impressively, it exhibits remarkable HER activity comparable to commercial Pt, including a low overpotential of 83.4 mV for a current density of 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 40.7 mV dec-1, and excellent long-term stability over 36 h of continuous HER operation in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. The intrinsic catalytic ability of Al3Ni2 with the unique hierarchical structure of nano/microsized grains can offer multiple effects, including massive exposed active sites, enhanced charge transfer and mass transport, and fast gas releasing that synergistically contribute to improving the electrocatalytic performance of HER. This work represents a highly promising approach to the design and one-step controllable fabrication of efficient and self-standing base metal electrode for electrocatalytic hydrogen production.@en

The fast development of urbanization has led to imbalances in cities, causing congestion, pollution, and urban sprawl. In response to the growing concern over the distribution of demand and supply, a more coordinated urban structure is addressed in comprehensive planning processes. In this study, we attempt to identify urban structure using a Network-Activity-Human model under the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept, since TOD is usually regarded as an urban spatial planning tool. In order to explore the strengths and weaknesses of the urban structure, we define the TOD index and unbalance degree and then classify the urban areas accordingly. We take the city of Beijing as a case study and identify nine urban types. The results show a hierarchical urban structure: the city center covers most of the hotspots which display higher imbalances, the surroundings of the city center are less developed, and the city edges show higher potentials in both exploitation and transportation development. Moreover, we discuss the extent to which the spatial scale influences the unbalance degree and apply a sensitivity analysis based on the goals of different stakeholders. This methodology could be utilized at any study scale and in any situation, and the results could offer suggestions for more accurate urban planning, strengthening the relationship between TOD and spatial organization.@en

The electrochemical behavior of Dy(III) and its co-reduction process with Zn(II) on a tungsten electrode were studied in eutectic NaCl-KCl melts at 700 °C by using a series of electrochemical techniques. The results indicate that the reduction of Dy(III) to Dy(0) is a diffusion controlled quasi-reversible process through a one-step reaction of exchanging three electrons. The diffusion coefficient of Dy(III) was calculated to be 1.7 × 10-5 cm2 s-1. Furthermore, the co-reduction of Dy(III) and Zn(II) on the tungsten electrode makes Dy(III) be reduced at more positive potentials due to the formation of various Dy-Zn intermetallic compounds. The electromotive force measurements were performed to determine the thermodynamic properties of the Dy-Zn intermetallic compounds, including the activities and relative partial molar Gibbs free energies of dysprosium in the two-phase coexisting state, as well as the standard formation Gibbs energies of Dy-Zn intermetallic compounds. Finally, potentiostatic electrolysis at -2.0 V was carried out in molten NaCl-KCl-DyCl3(1.0 mol%)-ZnCl2(1.0 mol%) at 700 °C for 11 h to prepare Dy-Zn alloy. X-ray diffraction and scan electron micrograph - energy dispersive spectrometry analyses showed that the obtained Dy-Zn alloy mainly comprised of DyZn2, as well as the minor phases of Dy2Zn17, DyZn3 and DyZn.@en

The electrochemical behavior of Dy(III) and its co-reduction process with Zn(II) on a tungsten electrode were studied in eutectic NaCl-KCl melts at 700 °C by using a series of electrochemical techniques. The results indicate that the reduction of Dy(III) to Dy(0) is a diffusion controlled quasi-reversible process through a one-step reaction of exchanging three electrons. The diffusion coefficient of Dy(III) was calculated to be 1.7 × 10-5 cm2 s-1. Furthermore, the co-reduction of Dy(III) and Zn(II) on the tungsten electrode makes Dy(III) be reduced at more positive potentials due to the formation of various Dy-Zn intermetallic compounds. The electromotive force measurements were performed to determine the thermodynamic properties of the Dy-Zn intermetallic compounds, including the activities and relative partial molar Gibbs free energies of dysprosium in the two-phase coexisting state, as well as the standard formation Gibbs energies of Dy-Zn intermetallic compounds. Finally, potentiostatic electrolysis at -2.0 V was carried out in molten NaCl-KCl-DyCl3(1.0 mol%)-ZnCl2(1.0 mol%) at 700 °C for 11 h to prepare Dy-Zn alloy. X-ray diffraction and scan electron micrograph - energy dispersive spectrometry analyses showed that the obtained Dy-Zn alloy mainly comprised of DyZn2, as well as the minor phases of Dy2Zn17, DyZn3 and DyZn.@en

The electrochemical behavior of yttrium and its co-deposition with aluminum were investigated by several transient electrochemical techniques on a tungsten electrode at 973K in NaCl-KCl eutectic melts. The results reveal that the reduction of Y(III) in NaCl-KCl-YCl3 melts is a one-step process with three-electron exchanged and the reaction is a quasi-reversible diffusion-controlled process at low scan rates (0.05∼0.5 V/s). The calculated diffusion coefficient is approximately 2.8 × 10−5cm2/s. After AlCl3 was introduced into the melts, cyclic voltammetry and open circuit chronopotentiometry showed the formation of two Y-Al intermetallic compounds, indicating that under-potential deposition of yttrium occurred on tungsten electrode covered with liquid Al. The electromotive force was measured at 973K to determine the thermodynamic properties of Y-Al intermetallic compounds, such as the activity of Y in the two-phase coexistence state, relative partial molar Gibbs energies, as well as the standard Gibbs energies of Y-Al intermetallic compounds. Finally, potentiostatic electrolysis was conducted to prepare Y-Al alloys from molten NaCl-KCl-YCl3 (1.5 mol%)-AlCl3 (1.5 mol%) by the co-reduction method. The cathodic alloys were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scan electron micrograph (SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and the results indicated that the obtained alloys were mainly composed of YAl2, as well as YAl3 and YAl phases. The Y-rich phase intermetallic compound YAl, formed in the later period of electrolysis just when the concentration of AlCl3 is fairly low.@en

The electrochemical behavior of yttrium and its co-deposition with aluminum were investigated by several transient electrochemical techniques on a tungsten electrode at 973K in NaCl-KCl eutectic melts. The results reveal that the reduction of Y(III) in NaCl-KCl-YCl3 melts is a one-step process with three-electron exchanged and the reaction is a quasi-reversible diffusion-controlled process at low scan rates (0.05∼0.5 V/s). The calculated diffusion coefficient is approximately 2.8 × 10−5cm2/s. After AlCl3 was introduced into the melts, cyclic voltammetry and open circuit chronopotentiometry showed the formation of two Y-Al intermetallic compounds, indicating that under-potential deposition of yttrium occurred on tungsten electrode covered with liquid Al. The electromotive force was measured at 973K to determine the thermodynamic properties of Y-Al intermetallic compounds, such as the activity of Y in the two-phase coexistence state, relative partial molar Gibbs energies, as well as the standard Gibbs energies of Y-Al intermetallic compounds. Finally, potentiostatic electrolysis was conducted to prepare Y-Al alloys from molten NaCl-KCl-YCl3 (1.5 mol%)-AlCl3 (1.5 mol%) by the co-reduction method. The cathodic alloys were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scan electron micrograph (SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and the results indicated that the obtained alloys were mainly composed of YAl2, as well as YAl3 and YAl phases. The Y-rich phase intermetallic compound YAl, formed in the later period of electrolysis just when the concentration of AlCl3 is fairly low.@en