Direct numerical simulations up to Reλ = 1445 show that the scaling exponents for the enstrophy and the dissipation rate extrema are different and depend on the Reynolds number. A similar Reynolds number dependence of the scaling exponents is observed for the moments of the dissipation rate, but not for the moments of the enstrophy. Significant changes in the exponents occur at approximately Reλ ≈ 250, where Reλ is the Taylor based Reynolds number, which coincides with structural changes in the flow, in particular the development of large-scale shear layers. A model for the probability density functions (PDFs) of the enstrophy and dissipate rate is presented, which is an extension of our existing model (Proc. R. Soc. A, vol. 476, 2020, p. 20200591) and is based on the mentioned development of large-scale layer regions within the flow. This model is able to capture the observed Reynolds number dependencies of the scaling exponents, in contrast to the existing theories which yield constant exponents. Moreover, the model reconciles the scaling at finite Reynolds number with the theoretical limit, where the enstrophy and dissipation rate scale identically at infinite Reynolds number. It suggests that the large-scale shear layers are vital for understanding the scaling of the extrema. Furthermore, to reach the theoretical limit, the scaling exponents must remain Reynolds number dependent beyond the present Reλ range. ... Read more

The Richardson-scaling law states that the mean square separation of a fluid particle pair grows according to twithin the inertial range and at intermediate times. The theories predicting this scaling regime assume that the pair separation is within the inertial range and that the dispersion is local, which means that only eddies at the scale of the separation contribute. These assumptions ignore the structural organization of the turbulent flow into large-scale shear layers, where the intense small-scale motions are bounded by the large-scale energetic motions. Therefore, the large scales contribute to the velocity difference across the small-scale structures. It is shown that, indeed, the pair dispersion inside these layers is highly non-local and approaches Taylor dispersion in a way that is fundamentally different from the Richardson-scaling law. Also, the layer's contribution to the overall mean square separation remains significant as the Reynolds number increases. This calls into question the validity of the theoretical assumptions. Moreover, a literature survey reveals that, so far, tscaling is not observed for initial separations within the inertial range. We propose that the intermediate pair dispersion regime is a transition region that connects the initial Batchelor- with the final Taylor-dispersion regime. Such a simple interpretation is shown to be consistent with observations and is able to explain why tscaling is found only for one specific initial separation outside the inertial range. Moreover, the model incorporates the observed non-local contribution to the dispersion, because it requires only small-time-scale properties and large-scale properties. ... Read more