A direct route to convert methane into high-value commodities, such as methanol, with high selectivity is one of the primary challenges in modern chemistry. Copper-exchanged zeolites show remarkable selectivity in the chemical looping process. Although multiple copper species have been proposed as active, an in situ spectroscopic investigation is difficult, because of their similar fingerprints. We used ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate an actual powder sample. We could discriminate between different types of active species involved in the conversion of methane to methanol over two different copper-exchanged zeolites, namely, mordenite and mazzite. After activation at 400 °C in oxygen, we followed the reaction in situ at 200 °C, switching from methane to water, and followed by a second cycle with anaerobic activation. Our experimental results, combined with theoretical calculations, prove that Cu(II) sites bound to extra-framework oxygen are involved in the reaction, and that their structure, formation, and stabilization depend on the type of zeolite and on the Si/Al ratio. ©@en

Catalytic systems based on supported noble metals are extensively studied because of their widespread application. Discussions remain about the nature of the active species, whether they are atomically dispersed or nanoparticles, and their reactivity. In this work, combining in situ/operando spectroscopy with theoretical modeling, we propose a phase diagram of atomically dispersed platinum on ceria, demonstrating that it reversibly changes from PtIVO2 to PtIIO as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The phase diagram helps identify the stability domain of each species, while spectroscopies provide a quantitative evaluation depending on the reaction conditions. Finally, our results show that high-temperature activation in the presence of steam of supported atomically dispersed platinum enhances the activity toward low-temperature carbon monoxide oxidation because it promotes aggregation into nanoparticles. This work highlights the structure-activity relationship in supported metal catalysts and proposes a suitable approach to determine the amount of each species before the investigation of the reaction mechanism.@en

Understanding the mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on perovskite materials is of great interest for the development of more active catalysts. Despite a lot of literature reports, the complexity of catalytic systems and scarce in situ and operando surface sensitive spectroscopic tools render the detection of active sites and the understanding of reaction mechanisms challenging. Here, we carried out and compared in situ and ex situ ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments on a La0.2Sr0.8CoO3−δ perovskite OER catalyst. The experimental results show that segregated surface strontium, which is present in the as prepared sample, is leached into the electrolyte after immersion, leading to surface cobalt active site enrichment. Such a cobalt-enriched oxide surface evolves into a new phase, whose spectral feature is detected in situ and after the OER. With the help of theoretical simulations, such a species is assigned to cobalt oxyhydroxide, providing direct evidence of its formation and surface segregation during the oxygen evolution reaction.@en

Heterogeneous catalysts play a pivotal role in the chemical industry. The strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), which affects the catalytic activity, is a phenomenon researched for decades. However, detailed mechanistic understanding on real catalytic systems is lacking. Here, this surface phenomenon was studied on an actual platinum-titania catalyst by state-of-the-art in situ electron microscopy, in situ X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and in situ X-ray diffraction, aided by density functional theory calculations, providing a novel real time view on how the phenomenon occurs. The migration of reduced titanium oxide, limited in thickness, and the formation of an alloy are competing mechanisms during high temperature reduction. Subsequent exposure to oxygen segregates the titanium from the alloy, and a thicker titania overlayer forms. This role of oxygen in the formation process and stabilization of the overlayer was not recognized before. It provides new application potential in catalysis and materials science.@en