The full-section asphalt concrete waterproof layer (FACWL) has garnered significant attention for its outstanding ability to reduce frost heave and thaw-related weakening in railway track beds, particularly in seasonally frozen regions. To explore the dynamic properties of the FACWL, a fractional-order constitutive model was utilized to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of asphalt concrete. Additionally, a vehicle–track coupled finite element (FE) model and the numerical approach incorporating the fractional-order constitutive model were developed and validated via experimental and field testing. Simulation results indicate that applying the FACWL reduces the vertical dynamic response of each structural layer, vertical peak accelerations across the subgrade surface layer exhibited reductions exceeding 30% in both positive and negative directions. Moreover, the tensile strain at the bottom of the FACWL remained relatively low, less than 100 με. Compared with conventional waterproof sealing layers, the viscoelastic nature of the FACWL facilitates energy dissipation, effectively decreasing the overall vibrational amplitude and vertical deformation within the track structure by more than 20%. Consequently, the FACWL plays a crucial role in ensuring the long-term stability of the subgrade and minimizing vibrations in the track system.

During the last decades, asphalt concrete has been introduced in both ballast and ballastless track (including but not limited to slab track) systems. The use of asphalt concrete provides better damping and waterproofing performance. For this reason, a supporting layer of asphalt concrete (ASL) was introduced to the latest Chinese slab track system. In this paper, an in-depth study of the dynamic behavior of ASL was presented using modelling and in-situ measurement approaches. In the FE model, the train load was simplified to be a time series of concentrated load on rail nodes, and asphalt concrete was modeled as viscoelastic material by Prony series. The FE model was validated against in-situ measurement on a test section, in which a monitoring system was setup during construction. A series of transient analysis were conducted to obtain the dynamic responses of ASL under moving train load. The parametric effects of thickness of ASL was also studied with respect to the dynamic responses of superstructure and substructure, as well as the stability and durability of ASL. The results showed that, under moving bogie load, the reach of the dynamic responses in ASL is about 7.5 m in the longitudinal direction, and the maximum values occur at the position beneath the rails. A thicker ASL is more favorable to ride comfort and structural stability of high-speed railway track system. However, considering the economic and construction factors, an optimal thickness range of 7–10 cm is suggested for ASL in CRTS III slab track.