The physical properties of lunar regolith are crucial for exploration planning, hazard assessment, and characterizing scientific targets at global and polar scales. The dielectric constant, a key property, offers insights into lunar material distribution within the regolith and serves as a proxy for identifying volatile-rich regoliths. Miniature radio frequency (Mini-RF) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) provides a potential tool for mapping the lunar regolith’s physical nature and assessing the lunar volatile repository. This study presents global and polar S-band Mini-RF dielectric signatures of the Moon, obtained through a novel deep learning inversion model applied to Mini-RF mosaics. We achieved good agreement between training and testing of the model, yielding a coefficient of determination (R2 value) of 0.97 and a mean squared error of 0.27 for the dielectric constant. Significant variability in the dielectric constant is observed globally, with high-Ti mare basalts exhibiting lower values than low-Ti highland materials. However, discernibility between the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin and highlands is not evident. Despite similar dielectric constants on average, notable spatial variations exist within the south and north polar regions, influenced by crater ejecta, permanently shadowed regions, and crater floors. These dielectric differences are attributed to extensive mantling of lunar materials, impact cratering processes, and ilmenite content. Using the east- and west-looking polar mosaics, we estimated an uncertainty (standard deviation) of 1.01 in the real part and 0.03 in the imaginary part of the dielectric constant due to look direction. Additionally, modeling highlights radar backscatter sensitivity to incidence angle and dielectric constant at the Mini-RF wavelength. The dielectric constant maps provide a new and unique perspective of lunar terrains that could play an important role in characterizing lunar resources in future targeted human and robotic exploration of the Moon.

The Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) systems use electromagnetic radiations of different polarizations in the microwave frequency to collect the scattering information from targets on the Earth. Nevertheless, as with any other electronic device, the PolSAR systems are also not ideal and subjected to distortions. The most important of these distortions are the polarimetric distortions caused due to the channel imbalance, phase bias, and crosstalk between the different polarization channels. For the spaceborne PolSAR systems, the Earth's ionosphere also contributes to an additional polarimetric distortion known as the Faraday rotation. An effort was made in this study to perform the polarimetric calibration of the Quad-pol and Compact-pol PolSAR datasets acquired using different airborne and spaceborne PolSAR systems to estimate and minimize these polarimetric distortions. The investigation was also done to analyze the impact of these polarimetric distortions on the scattering mechanisms from ground targets and on its dependency on the radar wavelength. The study was done using the UAVSAR L-band Quad-pol dataset, RADARSAT-2 Quad-pol dataset, ALOS-2 PALSAR-2, ISRO's L&S- Band Airborne SAR (LS-ASAR) Quad-pol and Compact-pol datasets, and the RISAT-1 Compact-pol dataset. Calibration of the airborne PolSAR data was carried to understand the level of polarimetric distortions in the LS-ASAR product that is a precursor mission to the spaceborne Dual-Frequency L&S Band NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission. It is understood that the crosstalk is the dominant polarimetric distortion, which severely affects the PolSAR datasets compared to the other polarimetric distortions, and it is more for the higher wavelength PolSAR systems. The Quegan, Improved Quegan, and Ainsworth algorithms for crosstalk estimation and minimization was performed for the different Quad-pol datasets and it was found that the Improved Quegan algorithm is suitable for removing crosstalk from datasets having high crosstalk and the Ainsworth algorithm is suitable for removing crosstalk from datasets having low crosstalk. The Freeman method of the polarimetric calibration was implemented for the compact-pol datasets and it was able to considerably minimize the polarimetric distortions. The coherency matrix, scattering matrix, model-based decomposition, polarimetric signatures, and roll invariant parameter-based analysis revealed that all the datasets after polarimetric calibration were showing the correct scattering responses expected from the ground targets.