Rethinking artificial intelligence in projects

A paradox lens

Journal Article (2026)
Author(s)

Eleni Papadonikolaki (TU Delft - Civil Engineering & Geosciences)

Research Group
Integral Design & Management
DOI related publication
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2026.102857 Final published version
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Publication Year
2026
Language
English
Research Group
Integral Design & Management
Journal title
International Journal of Project Management
Issue number
4
Volume number
44
Article number
102857
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Abstract

To fully harness the potential of artificial intelligence in projects, project leaders must navigate a hybrid network of multi-faceted and intertwined tensions. Drawing on paradox theory, I propose that these tensions are paradoxical: persistent, interdependent and multi-level, requiring continuous navigation rather than point-solutions. Additionally, I theorise the interaction between humans and artificial intelligence, through the ‘paradox of interactivity’, ‘paradox of automation’ and ‘paradox of creativity’ by re-conceptualising the agency and affordances of artificial intelligence use in projects. Ultimately, I propose a ‘paradox portfolio’ view of artificial intelligence readiness in projects, where human and artificial intelligence interactions become central to organising.