Design and validation of scalable reconfigurable intelligent surfaces

Abstract

In this paper, we share our experience in designing, prototyping, and empirically characterizing RF Switch-based Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS). Our RIS design consists of arrays of patch antennas, delay lines, and programmable radio-frequency (RF) switches, enabling 3D beamforming passively, without active RF components. Our design introduces two key innovations: (i) a modular structure that provides scalability for sustainable deployments, and (ii) the support for 3-bit phase shifters, enabling high-spatial resolution codebooks. We realized this design through PCB technology and affordable electronic components, then rigorously validated our prototype in a controlled setting. With this paper, we make a comprehensive characterization of our RIS publicly available via a large dataset, to promote further empirical-driven research on this topic. Finally, we present a cost analysis of our design, which underscores the importance of sustainable practices in shaping the future of wireless technologies.