Liquid Crystal Sulfonated Aramids as Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications

Abstract

Two sulfonated aramids, poly(2,2’-disulfonylbenzidine terephthalamide) (PBDT) and poly(2,2’-disulfonylbenzidine isophthalamide) (PBDI) were synthesized with the aim to explore their unique morphology for proton exchange membrane applications. Due to the different polymer structures, PBDT forms a nematic liquid crystal, whereas PBDI is isotropic. Both polymers show excellent thermal stabilities (Td5% > 400 oC), high storage moduli (E’ = 3 – 15 GPa) and crosslinked films are flexible and easy to handle. Pulsed-field-gradient NMR diffusometry reveals that the in-plane water diffusion in the nematic PBDT membrane is as high as 3.3x10-10 m2/s, whereas the diffusion in amorphous PBDI is only 2.5x10-10 m2/s. Whereas neat and crosslinked PBDI shows isotropic diffusion, neat PBDT shows a high diffusion anisotropy (D?/D? = 3.0), which increases as a function of crosslink density (D?/D? = 4.6 at 80% crosslinking). This diffusion anisotropy is substantially higher than that typically observed for low molecular weight liquid crystals and for oriented polymeric conductors such as Nafion® (D?/D? ~ 2.0). The nematic order in the PBDT membrane also promotes directed ionic conductivity, i.e. Na+ conductivity in PBDT is 2.24 x 10-2 S/cm and 1.67 x 10-2 S/cm for PBDI, respectively. We propose that the rigid-rod PBDT chains form nano-scale hydrophilic channels, which act as pathways for transporting water molecules and ions.