Confined Water Cluster Formation in Water Harvesting by Metal–Organic Frameworks
CAU-10-H versus CAU-10-CH3
Monique A. van der Veen (TU Delft - ChemE/Catalysis Engineering)
Stefano Canossa (TU Delft - ChemE/Catalysis Engineering)
Mohammad Wahiduzzaman (University of Montpellier)
Gwilherm Nenert (Malvern Panalytical B. V., Almelo)
Dominik Frohlich (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE)
Davide Rega (TU Delft - ChemE/Catalysis Engineering)
Helge Reinsch (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel)
Leonid Shupletsov (External organisation)
Karen Markey (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
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Abstract
Several metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) excel in harvesting water from the air or as heat pumps as they show a steep increase in water uptake at 10–30 % relative humidity (RH%). A precise understanding of which structural characteristics govern such behavior is lacking. Herein, CAU-10-H and CAU-10-CH3 are studied with -H, -CH3 corresponding to the functions grafted to the organic linker. CAU-10-H shows a steep water uptake ≈18 RH% of interest for water harvesting, yet the subtle replacement of -H by -CH3 in the organic linker drastically changes the water adsorption behavior to less steep water uptake at much higher humidity values. The materials’ structural deformation and water ordering during adsorption with in situ sum-frequency generation, in situ X-ray diffraction, and molecular simulations are unraveled. In CAU-10-H, an energetically favorable water cluster is formed in the hydrophobic pore, tethered via H-bonds to the framework μ-OH groups, while for CAU-10-CH3, such a favorable cluster cannot form. By relating the findings to the features of water adsorption isotherms of a series of MOFs, it is concluded that favorable water adsorption occurs when sites of intermediate hydrophilicity are present in a hydrophobic structure, and the formation of energetically favorable water clusters is possible.
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