Cultivation of anammox bacteria from a tropical lake in Indonesia using a novel filter bioreactor to enhance nitrogen removal efficiency
Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini (University of Andalas)
Puti Sri Komalaa (University of Andalas)
Randi Permana Putraa (University of Andalas, Polytechnic of ATI Padang)
Muhammad Ali (Trinity College Dublin)
Norihisa Matsuura (Kanazawa University)
Kazuyoshi Koike (Kanazawa University)
J. Wang (TU Delft - BT/Environmental Biotechnology)
Panji Cahya Mawarda (National Research and Innovation Agency, Naturalis Biodiversity Center)
Ryoko Yamamoto-Ikemoto (Kanazawa University)
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Abstract
This study presents a novel strategy for cultivating anammox bacteria from tropical environments using a filter bioreactor (FtBR). Two bioreactors were inoculated with sediment sludge from an Indonesian lake and operated at different temperatures: tropical ambient (22–28 °C) in Reactor 1 and 35 °C in Reactor 2. After 106 days, Reactor 1 developed a red carmine anammox biofilm, while Reactor 2 remained similar to its initial state. Reactor 1 achieved a higher and more stable nitrogen removal rate (0.27 kg-N/m3·d) compared with Reactor 2 (0.21 kg-N/m3·d), indicating a 28.6% greater efficiency. The operational temperature significantly influenced the diversity and abundance of anammox bacteria. Candidatus Brocadia caroliensis (6.20%) was detected in Reactor 1, whereas Candidatus Anammoxoglobus propionicus (7.64%) and Candidatus Brocadia sinica (1.77%) were found only in Reactor 2. Additionally, Candidatus Brocadia fulgida was more abundant in Reactor 1 (20.04%) than in Reactor 2 (6.84%). These findings demonstrate that temperature plays a crucial role in starting the anammox process in FtBRs with a resident inoculum from tropical environments, significantly affecting bacterial growth and nitrogen removal efficiency.
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