The Effect of Charging Strategies For Battery-Powered Terminal Trucks on the Productivity and Costs of an RTG Container Terminal
H.W.E. Boer (TU Delft - Mechanical Engineering)
Mark Duinkerken – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Transport Engineering and Logistics)
R. R. Negenborn – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Transport Engineering and Logistics)
M.L. Hutte – Mentor (Portwise)
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Abstract
The adaptation of battery-powered terminal trucks (BTTs) in rubber tired gantry crane terminals (RTG) will affect terminal productivity and costs. This research tests the performance of different charging strategies and compares costs. This is done with the use of a discrete-event simulation model including the energy consumption and charging of BTTs. Five charging strategies are presented: Out of Operations (OOP), Centralised Fixed Threshold (CFT), Decentralised Fixed Threshold (DFT), Decentralised Pre-Emptive (DPE) and Decentralised Opportunity Charging (DOP). The scenarios were tested in a terminal operations model of an RTG terminal, with configurations varying in charge lane location and numbers. Based on productivityOOP and DOP performed similarly to a diesel-benchmark of the same fleet size. It was found that charge location has little effect on overall terminal performance when the charge duration is large. Pre-Emptive charging has a positive effect on terminal productivity through high charge lane utilisation and little time loss associated with waiting on available chargers. Due to lower energy and maintenance costs, all battery-powered alternatives are more cost-effective than diesel-powered alternatives.