Technology for measuring freezing of gait
Current state of the art and recommendations
Martina Mancini (OHSU School of Medicine)
J. Lucas McKay (Emory University School of Medicine)
Helena Cockx (Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour)
Nicholas D'Cruz (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
Christine D. Esper (Emory University School of Medicine)
Benjamin Filtjens (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
Benedetta Heimler (Sheba Medical Center)
Colum D. MacKinnon (University of Minnesota Twin Cities)
Luca Palmerini (University of Bologna)
Melvyn Roerdink (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
William R. Young (University of Exeter)
Jeffrey M. Hausdorff (Tel Aviv University, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Tel Aviv Medical Center)
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Abstract
This report summarizes the existing literature on the use of technology for the assessment of freezing of gait (FOG) as well as the use of technology to provide insights into the mechanisms of FOG in people with Parkinson's disease. Specifically, this work was carried out for the 3rd International Workshop on Freezing of Gait in Jerusalem in 2023. This review focuses on the most used technologies to quantitatively assess FOG in a laboratory environment and describes the technologies that hold promise for assessing FOG in daily life. Examples of implementation of machine learning algorithms are provided as well as algorithmic biases. Lastly, a standardized assessment using inertial measurement units during a clinical protocol is proposed and a 5-year outlook is discussed. We anticipate this review will help move the field forward in the coming years.
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