Decoherence induced by a sparse bath of two-level fluctuators

Abstract

Progress in fabrication of semiconductor and superconductor qubits has greatly diminished the number of decohering defects, thus decreasing the devastating low-frequency 1/f noise and extending the qubits' coherence times (dephasing time T2∗ and the echo decay time T2). However, large qubit-to-qubit variation of the coherence properties remains a problem, making it difficult to produce a large-scale register where all qubits have a uniformly high quality. In this work, we show that large variability is a characteristic feature of a qubit dephased by a sparse bath made of many (n≫1) decohering defects, coupled to the qubit with similar strength. We model the defects as two-level fluctuators (TLFs) whose transition rates γ are sampled from a log-uniform distribution over an interval [γm,γM], which is a standard model for 1/f noise. We investigate decoherence by such a bath in the limit of high-quality qubit, i.e., when the TLF density d is small (the limit of sparse bath, with d=n/w≪1, where n is the number of TLFs and w=ln[γM/γm] is the log-width of the distribution). We show that different realizations of the bath produce very similar noise power spectra S(f)∼1/f, but lead to drastically different coherence times T2∗ and T2. Thus the spectral density S(f) does not determine coherence of a qubit coupled to a sparse TLF bath, as opposed to a dense bath; instead, decoherence is controlled by only a few exceptional fluctuators, determined by their value of γ. We show that removing only two of these TLFs greatly increases T2 and T2∗ times. Our findings help theoretical understanding and further improvements in the coherence properties of semiconductor and superconductor qubits, battling the 1/f noise in these platforms.