A framework to design and evaluate citizen engagement strategies to accelerate the energy transition

Abstract

The acceleration of the energy transition requires effective citizen participation and engagement strategies. The political significance of citizen engagement is widely recognized, as emphasized in the European Green Deal. Notably, engagement plays a crucial role in bridging the gap between society and technology. However, our research shows that engagement strategies often lack a clear theoretical foundation, fail to define causal mechanisms, and are rarely empirically tested or evaluated in context. Additionally, engagement is sometimes implemented dogmatically, without critical reflection on its necessity or effectiveness, thereby reducing its impact. To address these issues, we conducted a systematic analysis of 77 academic articles, identifying common pitfalls, key lessons, and emerging trends in engagement approaches. Based on these insights, we developed a framework comprising seven functional requirements for designing and evaluating engagement strategies. These requirements are setting clear goals, defining problems and desired outcomes, grounding strategies in engagement theory, incorporating causal mechanisms, targeting specific audiences, ensuring empirical validation, and contextual evaluation. This framework provides a structured approach for improving citizen participation efforts, ultimately contributing to a faster and more effective energy transition.