Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) of Emerging Concern
Recent Progress and Challenges in Wastewater Treatment
Sanjeeb Mohapatra (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
Mui Choo Jong (Tsinghua University)
Suparna Mukherji (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)
J. B. van Lier (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
Henri Spanjers (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
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Abstract
Purpose of Review: Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), used extensively in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), have emerged as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic organic pollutants. A network analysis of SCOPUS data revealed significant knowledge gaps, especially concerning the fate of LCMs in WWTPs. The available literature highlights that influent LCM concentrations vary widely, with elevated levels linked to industrial and e-waste recycling activities. This review examines the occurrence, fate, and treatment of LCMs, particularly fluorinated LCMs (F-LCMs), in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Recent Findings: Conventional WWTP processes achieve moderate removal efficiencies (~ 84%) for LCMs, but F-LCMs often persist. Advanced treatment techniques such as UV/peroxydisulfate (UV/PDS) showed removal rates of 77–84% for LCMs with biphenyl and ethoxy groups. These groups alter electron distribution, making the molecules more susceptible to oxidative attack by reactive species such as hydroxyl and sulfate radicals. Degradation pathways include cleavage of biphenyl, ethoxy, and C-F bonds, producing less toxic by-products such as oxalic acid and cyclohexane. However, some degradation intermediates formed are toxic, necessitating further research of the treatment processes. Summary: This review underscores the need for systematic monitoring of LCMs in wastewater and their transformation products in treated wastewater and sludge, alongside advancements in treatment technologies to mitigate environmental and health risks. This review highlights the urgency of improving wastewater management strategies for LCMs and the need for future research to address the critical knowledge gaps.
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