Improved phosphoric acid recovery from sewage sludge ash using layer-by-layer modified membranes

Abstract

We report an advanced treatment method for phosphoric acid recovery from leached sewage sludge ash. Layer-by-layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte deposition has been used as a tool to modify and convert a hollow ultrafiltration membrane into a nanofiltration (NF) LbL membrane for H₃PO₄ recovery. To build the LbL membrane, poly(styrenesulfonate) PSS was chosen as polyanion, while three different polycations were used: a permanently charged polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDADMAC; a pH-dependent charged polyelectrolyte poly(allylamine hydrochloride), PAH; and a PAH modified with guanidinium groups (PAH-Gu). Based on detailed surface characterizations (AFM, XPS and Zeta-potential) it was concluded that both charge density and pH-responsiveness of the polycations are key parameters to control the final membrane surface structure and transport properties. The surface properties of LbL-coated membranes were correlated with the membrane filtration performance, when exposed to the real leached sewage sludge ash solution. The highest permeability was recorded for (PDADMAC/PSS)₆, a result that was rationalized on its loose, and possibly less interpenetrated, structure, followed by (PAH-Gu/PSS)₆ characterized by a more dense, compact layer. H₃PO₄ recovery was the highest in the case of (PDADMAC/PSS)₆, but the retention of multivalent metals (Fe³⁺ and Mg²⁺) was low, leading to a more contaminated permeate. The opposite trend was observed for (PAH-Gu/PSS)_6, resulting in a less metal-contaminated, but also a less H₃PO₄-concentrated permeate. Our LbL-modified membranes were found to improve the permeability and H₃PO₄ recovery compared to a commercially available acid-resistant NF membrane.