Identifying Redox Orbitals and Defects in Lithium-Ion Cathodes with Compton Scattering and Positron Annihilation Spectroscopies
A Review
Johannes Nokelainen (Northeastern University, LUT University)
Bernardo Barbiellini (Northeastern University, LUT University)
Jan Kuriplach (Charles University)
Stephan Eijt (TU Delft - RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy)
Rafael Ferragut (Politecnico di Milano)
Xin Li (Politecnico di Milano, LUT University)
Veenavee Kothalawala (LUT University)
Kosuke Suzuki (Gunma University)
Hasnain Hafiz (Carnegie Mellon University)
Arun Bansil (Northeastern University)
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Abstract
Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions that transfer conduction electrons from the anode to the cathode are the fundamental processes responsible for generating power in Li-ion batteries. Electronic and microstructural features of the cathode material are controlled by the nature of the redox orbitals and how they respond to Li intercalation. Thus, redox orbitals play a key role in performance of the battery and its degradation with cycling. We unravel spectroscopic descriptors that can be used to gain an atomic-scale handle on the redox mechanisms underlying Li-ion batteries. Our focus is on X-ray Compton Scattering and Positron Annihilation spectroscopies and the related computational approaches for the purpose of identifying orbitals involved in electrochemical transformations in the cathode. This review provides insight into the workings of lithium-ion batteries and opens a pathway for rational design of next-generation battery materials.
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