Receiving Sunshine

Abstract

Due to the abundance of solar energy resources in Oman and the participation in the joint venture of the Port of Rotterdam in the Port of Sohar, importing green hydrogen in the Port of Rotterdam has been suggested. In part one of this two-part research (Shipping Sunshine) two green hydrogen import prices were calculated based on a 100 [GW] solar pv system. The first price of 1.97 [e·kg−1] hydrogen received at the Port of Rotterdam considers cur- rent costs. The second price of 1.47 [e·kg−1] considers a 50% decline in solar pv module and electrolyzer capital expenditure costs. However, supply and demand of green hydrogen have to be created simultaneously. This second part will identify which hydrogen markets in the hinterland of the Port of Rot- terdam are feasible from a techno-economic perspective given both import prices and an ETS price of 25 and 80 [e·t−1] respectively. Besides, it will evaluate the carbon emission abatement cost in these markets. A new methodology is proposed, using hydrogen parity prices to create a level playing field in comparing these markets as well as synthetic fuel costs. Furthermore, the existing supportive policies will be included. Lastly, the required prices in these markets are compared to current market prices. At a green hydrogen import price of 1.47 [e·kg−1] and an ETS price of 80 [e·t−1], the following hydrogen markets are feasible: mobility, steel industry, natural gas blending, low temperature heat, natural gas power plants, SMR substitution and harbor tugs. The mar- ginal abatement cost ranges from minus 350 [e·tCO2−1] to 460 [e·tCO2−1]. Future research could focus on the sensitivity of these hydrogen markets when other techno-economic para- meters change, thereby affecting the parity price of these specific hydrogen markets. Besides, future research could identify the future volume of the studied hydrogen markets.