The high optical brightness of the BlueWalker 3 satellite
Sangeetha Nandakumar (Universidad de Atascama)
Siegfried Eggl (IAU: Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign)
Jeremy Tregloan-Reed (IAU: Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference, Universidad de Atascama)
Christian Adam (Universidad de Antofagasta)
Jasmine Anderson-Baldwin (The University of Auckland)
Michele T. Bannister (IAU: Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference, University of Canterbury)
Adam Battle (University of Arizona)
Zouhair Benkhaldoun (IAU: Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference, University Cadi Ayyad)
M. Langbroek (Astrodynamics & Space Missions)
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Abstract
Large constellations of bright artificial satellites in low Earth orbit pose significant challenges to ground-based astronomy
1. Current orbiting constellation satellites have brightnesses between apparent magnitudes 4 and 6, whereas in the near-infrared Ks band, they can reach magnitude 2 (ref.
2). Satellite operators, astronomers and other users of the night sky are working on brightness mitigation strategies
3,4. Radio emissions induce further potential risk to ground-based radio telescopes that also need to be evaluated. Here we report the outcome of an international optical observation campaign of a prototype constellation satellite, AST SpaceMobile’s BlueWalker 3. BlueWalker 3 features a 64.3 m
2 phased-array antenna as well as a launch vehicle adaptor (LVA)
5. The peak brightness of the satellite reached an apparent magnitude of 0.4. This made the new satellite one of the brightest objects in the night sky. Additionally, the LVA reached an apparent V-band magnitude of 5.5, four times brighter than the current International Astronomical Union recommendation of magnitude 7 (refs.
3,6); it jettisoned on 10 November 2022 (Universal Time), and its orbital ephemeris was not publicly released until 4 days later. The expected build-out of constellations with hundreds of thousands of new bright objects
1 will make active satellite tracking and avoidance strategies a necessity for ground-based telescopes.
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