“Magical relief”
the effectiveness of three stages of a video-based magic intervention on distress and pain in children aged 9–11 years during HPV mass vaccinations—a cluster-randomized trial
Anne W.E. Versluis (Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies, Leiden, Universiteit Leiden)
Edmond H.H.M. Rings (Erasmus MC, Leiden University Medical Center)
Arno A.W. Roest (Leiden University Medical Center)
Victor Middelkoop (Leiden University Medical Center)
Nienke Vreeken (Leiden University Medical Center)
Andrea W.M. Evers (TU Delft - Industrial Design Engineering, Universiteit Leiden, TU Delft - Medical Delta)
Henriët van Middendorp (Center for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies, Leiden, Universiteit Leiden)
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Abstract
Summary Background: Vaccinations often elicit significant distress in school-aged children, which can impact pain perception and future medical experiences. This study examined the effects of three stages of a video-based magic intervention on self-reported distress and pain in children receiving HPV vaccinations. Methods: This cluster-randomized controlled trial randomized 412 children (aged 9–11 years) who received their first HPV vaccination at five mass-vaccination sites in The Netherlands. Based on vaccination date and time, children were assigned to one of four groups: 1. watching a magic trick video during the vaccination, 2. watching the trick with revelation of the secret, 3. watching the trick with revelation of the secret, followed by a brief post-vaccination video-training, and 4. a regular care control. Children completed questionnaires before (T0) and after (T1) the first vaccination in April 2024, and before the second vaccination six months later (T2) in September/October 2024. The primary outcome of child-reported distress was assessed at T0, T1, and T2 using the Facial Image Scale (FIS) and the short form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6). The study was preregistered on OSF (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5ASM9, registered April 4, 2024). Findings: All randomized participants were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Children in the combined magic-intervention groups (groups 1–3) reported less distress and lower pain after the first vaccination compared to the control group (group 4; distress: p < 0.0001, partial η2 = 0.11; pain: p = 0.0039, η2 = 0.02, 95% CI [0.002–0.058]). The most extensive magic intervention (group 3) showed the largest distress reduction as compared to all other groups (p < 0.0001). No significant differences in distress were observed preceding the second vaccination, indicating a lack of sustained effects. Interpretation: The video-based magic intervention reduced distress and pain immediately following the vaccination, with the largest effect found for the most elaborate intervention group involving active engagement. These findings suggest a promising, easily implementable intervention to improve children’s vaccination experiences during mass vaccinations. Funding: LUMC Foundation (non-profit).
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