Modal shift strategies from car to public transport via shared bicycle integration

Abstract

This research explores how shared bicycles can enhance the modal shift from cars to public transport for commuter trips in suburban areas, focusing on South Holland. The study combines a literature review with a survey, comprising revealed and stated preference components, to assess travel behaviour and quantify the effects of shared bicycle attributes. A multinomial logit model is applied to estimate behavioural responses, with 105 respondents commuting to Drechtsteden and Leiden as case studies.

Results underline the critical role of competitive public transport travel times in fostering shared bicycle adoption. In areas where public transport significantly lags behind cars in travel time, the potential for shared bicycles is diminished. Shared bicycles are most effective for last-mile distances between 500 and 3,000 metres, but availability issues and reliance on private bicycles limit their adoption. Cost measures, including employer subsidies and reduced shared bicycle fees, significantly encourage uptake, while car parking charges predominantly shift commuters to public transport. A combination of free shared bicycles and paid parking achieves a potential modal shift of 10 percentage points, though inclusivity remains essential.

The stated preference model reveals that shared bicycle costs are perceived as three times more negative than travel time, particularly among younger and low-income travellers. Women and lower-educated individuals are more sensitive to public transport travel times, while frequent car users show less aversion to longer car journeys. Furthermore, hybrid systems such as Donkey Republic meet the needs of frequent commuters, while e-bikes provide limited added value in suburban areas due to car dominance over longer distances.

This study concludes that optimising public transport competitiveness, improving shared bicycle availability, and introducing cost incentives are vital for achieving a sustainable modal shift. Recommendations include integrating shared bicycles into public transport cards, reallocating bicycle parking, and enhancing hub locations to strengthen the synergy between shared bicycles and public transport.