多病害作用下的混凝土耐久性劣化过程预测模型研究进展

Abstract

Concrete durability has become a central concern in civil engineering as structures are increasingly exposed to complicated and aggressive environments. In practical service conditions such as marine tidal zones, cold regions, sulfate-rich soils, or industrial atmospheres, deterioration rarely occurs in isolation. Instead, chloride ingress, carbonation, sulfate attack, calcium leaching, freeze–thaw damage, and load-induced cracking often coexist and interact on multiple physicochemical and geometric levels. These complex processes alter transport behavior, pore structures, chemical equilibria, and mechanical integrity, resulting in highly nonlinear deterioration that accelerates beyond the sum of individual mechanisms. As conventional models cannot fully capture such synergistic effects, advanced numerical modelling has emerged as a vital tool for durability prediction under multi-deterioration scenarios . This paper reviews recent progress in modelling durability degradation under multiple deterioration mechanisms, with emphasis on both chemically driven and physically driven coupling effects. In chemically dominated degradation, chloride ingress is recognized as the most rapid and detrimental process, and it is strongly modified by concurrent chemical reactions. The interaction between carbonation and chloride transport is particularly complex: carbonation can decompose chloride-binding phases, releasing previously bound chlorides, while simultaneously refining the pore structure through calcium carbonate precipitation. Numerical models incorporating carbonation rate, degree, and pore structure evolution have enabled more accurate quantification of chloride distribution in fully carbonated and partially carbonated regions. Similarly, for combined sulfate–chloride attack, competitive adsorption and expansion-induced microcracking play decisive roles. Thermodynamic equilibrium models and reaction-kinetic models have been used to capture the competition among ions, the formation of expansive products, and the resulting effects on transport properties. These approaches highlight the necessity of considering multi-ion coupling and electrochemical interactions when assessing deterioration severity. Calcium leaching represents another critical chemical mechanism that strongly influences chloride behavior. The dissolution of calcium-bearing hydrates coarsens the microstructure, increases pore connectivity, and reduces binding capacity, thereby accelerating chloride ingress. Multi-ionic transport frameworks have been adopted to simulate these processes, showing that electrochemical coupling initially promotes leaching but later tempers its progression as chemical gradients evolve. Such findings emphasize the importance of capturing time-dependent feedback within reactive transport models. On the physically driven side, processes such as freeze–thaw damage and load-induced cracking profoundly alter the geometric pathways of ionic transport. Freeze–thaw cycles induce pore dilation, microcracking, and structural weakening, forming preferential channels for chloride ingress. Models coupling thermal transfer, moisture and ionic transport have shown that although higher salt concentrations reduce freezing rates, the overall deterioration remains accelerated due to increased permeability. The synergistic effects of freeze–thaw damage and chloride transport thus demand integrated modelling strategies capable of representing dynamic pore evolution. Load-induced cracking also creates high-permeability pathways that significantly influence harmful ions transport. Mesoscale lattice models, multi-ionic models, and other models have demonstrated that crack width, shape, and orientation govern diffusion and migration behavior. However, establishing fully bidirectional coupling, where chloride ingress promotes crack propagation and crack propagation further accelerates chloride ingress, remains an unresolved challenge. Existing methods rely on staged or quasi-coupled approaches, often assisted by statistical learning, yet true geometric updating during crack evolution is still computationally difficult. This limitation highlights a critical frontier for future numerical modelling. Summary and Prospects Research on durability degradation under multiple deterioration mechanisms has made remarkable progress, yet several breakthroughs are needed to achieve reliable long-term predictions. First, advancing the coupling of multi-mechanism models is essential. The mutual interactions between crack propagation and ionic transport, as well as pore-structure evolution under multiple deterioration modes, requires future numerical models that can dynamically update geometry and transport properties over time. More comprehensive physical representations of environmental effects such as temperature, humidity, salt concentration, freeze–thaw intensity will further enhance predictive accuracy. Second, there is an urgent need to improve the geometric dimensionality and computational efficiency of multi-scale, multi-physics frameworks. High-resolution three-dimensional modelling is still limited for multi-ion systems due to nonlinear chemical reactions and the complexity of heterogeneous microstructures. Future work should focus on algorithm optimization, parallel computing, and innovative discretization schemes to enable large-scale simulations with realistic material characteristics. Third, the scope of durability research must expand across both spatial and temporal scales. Linking micro-level deterioration mechanisms with macro-scale structural performance remains a key challenge, particularly for reinforced concrete exposed to multiple aggressive agents. Early-age behavior, interfacial transition zone development, and long-term interaction between mechanical and chemical processes should also be considered into lifecycle-oriented predictive frameworks. Finally, as sustainable and alternative binders such as alkali-activated materials and high-performance composite cements become more prevalent, existing models must be adapted or reconceptualized to accommodate their unique microstructure, chemical composition, and transport properties. Understanding multi-deterioration behavior in these emerging materials will be essential for their safe and widespread engineering application. Overall, progress in numerical modelling, strengthened by data-driven techniques, multi-scale experiments, and advanced characterization methods, is expected to transform our ability to predict durability degradation under complex service conditions. These advances will ultimately support the development of more resilient, sustainable, and long-lasting concrete structures.