Rheology and yielding transitions in mixed kaolinite/bentonite suspensions
A. Shakeel (University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, TU Delft - Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering)
Alex Kirichek (TU Delft - Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering)
C. Chassagne (TU Delft - Environmental Fluid Mechanics)
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Abstract
Kaolinite suspensions are known to have quite fast settling behaviour and Newtonian character, particularly at low concentrations, due to the non-swelling nature of their constitutive particles. On the other hand, bentonite is known for its swelling and interacting nature, which leads to the formation of a network structure, even at low concentrations. Therefore, both these clays are known to have significantly different rheological fingerprint. In this study, the yielding transitions in mixed kaolinite/bentonite suspensions have been investigated by varying the kaolinite/bentonite ratio and the total solid content. The detailed rheological analysis of these suspensions was carried out using amplitude sweep tests, frequency sweep tests, stress ramp-up tests and structural recovery tests.
The results showed that the kaolinite suspensions exhibited a two-step yielding behaviour in stress and amplitude sweep tests at higher solid content (≥ 35 wt%). On the other hand, the bentonite suspensions displayed a single-step yielding even at higher concentrations. In mixed kaolinite/bentonite suspensions, a clear transition between a single and two-step yielding behaviour was observed in steady and oscillatory tests as a function of kaolinite/bentonite ratio, for a particular total solid content. The structural recovery experiments showed that for mixed kaolinite/bentonite suspensions at lower total solid content, where two-step yielding was present, the structural recovery was lowest. Furthermore, these results showed that the rheological properties (i.e., moduli) of stable kaolinite/bentonite suspensions were completely recovered to their initial state, even after multiple shearing cycles. The settling column analysis displayed that a very small amount of bentonite was needed to stabilize the kaolinite suspensions, which is necessary for preparing stable clay based formulations.
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