LEO-PNT Constellation Design through Multi-Objective Optimisation of Performance and System Feasibility
N.O. Ricker Chong (TU Delft - Aerospace Engineering)
O. Çelik – Mentor (TU Delft - Aerospace Engineering)
K.J. Cowan – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Aerospace Engineering)
S. Speretta – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Aerospace Engineering)
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Abstract
The emergence of Low Earth Orbit Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (LEO-PNT) systems represents a promising evolution of global navigation, offering faster convergence, improved geometric diversity, and stronger resilience against jamming and spoofing. This thesis investigates the design of a fully independent LEO-PNT constellation capable of delivering GNSS-comparable performance while remaining feasible for real-world implementation.
While most studies have focused solely on performance, this work incorporates system-level factors such as cost, deployment strategy and timeline, robustness, and debris considerations into the design process. Using a multi-objective optimisation framework based on NSGA-III, the analysis reveals that the most balanced constellation solutions typically feature single-shell polar Walker Star configurations with repeating orbits, altitudes around 1450 km, and roughly 120–150 satellites. This approach provides a realistic and adaptable foundation for future LEO navigation missions and emphasises the importance of integrating system-level constraints early in constellation design.