Coastal process understanding through automated identification of recurring surface dynamics in permanent laser scanning data of a sandy beach

Abstract

Four-dimensional (4D) topographic datasets are increasingly available at high spatial and temporal resolution, particularly from permanent terrestrial laser scanning (PLS) time series. These data offer unprecedented opportunities to analyse rapid and complex morphological processes occurring in sandy coastal environments, such as sandbar welding or bulldozer activity, as well as their longer-term impacts on sandy beaches. However, studying these processes requires the extraction and recognition of recurrent topographical surface dynamics across time, which in turn demands novel, automated methods. This study presents a novel workflow that combines 4D objects-by-change (4D-OBCs) with unsupervised classification using Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and hierarchical clustering. Applied to a three-year PLS time series comprising 21 194 hourly point clouds, the method identifies 4412 instances of short-term surface dynamics. These are organized into two SOMs (64 nodes each) and further grouped into 31 clusters representing distinct dynamic types, such as berm deposition, large-scale backshore erosion, and human interventions (e.g., bulldozer activity). The classification results enable detailed spatiotemporal analyses of coastal morphodynamics. The SOM topology reveals seasonal patterns in surface activity, where, for example, winter is dominated by erosional activity over the whole beach but depositional activity mainly occurs in the intertidal area. The broader clusters facilitate interpretation of environmental responses and identification of changes in cross-shore zonation of types of dynamics, like berm formation. This approach demonstrates the potential of integrating PLS and unsupervised learning to characterize complex surface dynamics, through a fully automated extraction and classification workflow. While the interpretation of clusters and their relation to environmental variables in this study is performed through expert-based analysis, the methods provide a framework for targeted, data-driven investigation and prediction of morphodynamic processes in high-resolution 4D remote sensing datasets.