Water level and discharge measurements
Frédérique Larrarte (Laboratoire d’Hydraulique Saint-Venant, Université Gustave Eiffel)
Mathieu Lepot (Un Poids Une Mesure, TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
F.H.L.R. Clemens (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering, Deltares, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU))
Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski (Université de Lyon)
Damjan Ivetic (University of Belgrade)
Dusan Prodanovic (University of Belgrade)
B. Stegeman (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
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Abstract
The knowledge of water levels and discharges in urban drainage and stormwater management (UDSM) systems is of key importance to understand their functioning and processes, to evaluate their performance, and to provide data for modelling. In this chapter, devoted mainly to underground combined and separate sewer pipe systems, various methods and technologies are described and discussed. After an introduction to important aspects to deal with when measuring discharges in sewer systems, the following parts are presented successively: (i) measurement of water level with rulers, and pressure, ultrasonic and radar sensors, (ii) measurement of flow velocity with ultrasonic, Doppler, velocity profiler, free surface, and electromagnetic sensors, (iii) direct measurement of discharge with pre-calibrated devices, physical scale models, computational fluid dynamics modelling and use of pumping stations, and (iv) detection and/or measurement of infiltration into and exfiltration from sewers, with flow or pressure measurements, tracer experiments, distributed temperature sensing and geophysical methods.
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