Secondary electron emission materials for transmission dynodes in novel photomultipliers
A review
Shu Xia Tao (Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Eindhoven University of Technology)
HW Chan (TU Delft - Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Nikhef)
H. van der Graaf (Nikhef, TU Delft - RST/Neutron and Positron Methods in Materials)
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Abstract
Secondary electron emission materials are reviewed with the aim of providing guidelines for the future development of novel transmission dynodes. Materials with reflection secondary electron yield higher than three and transmission secondary electron yield higher than one are tabulated for easy reference. Generations of transmission dynodes are listed in the order of the invention time with a special focus on the most recent atomic-layer-deposition synthesized transmission dynodes. Based on the knowledge gained from the survey of secondary election emission materials with high secondary electron yield, an outlook of possible improvements upon the state-of-the-art transmission dynodes is provided.
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