Aggregated fuel cell vehicles in electricity markets with high wind penetration

Abstract

In this paper we present an agent-based model of aggregated fuel cell vehicles in a car park participating in the day-ahead market through an aggregator. Price-based vehicle-to-grid (V2G) contracts between drivers and the aggregator define the conditions under which the aggregator may use the cars for V2G. Using price forecasts, the aggregator places V2G offers in the day-ahead market. Whenever prices are expected to be low, the aggregator places bids to buy electricity and operate an electrolyzer, to produce hydrogen. Drivers refill their cars using the hydrogen storage operated by the aggregator. When cars are parked and plugged-in, the aggregator can use them for V2G under the conditions defined in the contract. Under different wind penetration scenarios, the maximum profits in a population of 100 drivers resulted in a range between 15.09 to 671.95 Euro in a year.