Recent Advances in Tracer-Aided Mixing Modeling of Water in the Critical Zone
Andrea L. Popp (Universitetet i Oslo, Stockholm University, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute)
Harsh Beria (WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, ETH Zürich)
Matthias Sprenger (University of North Carolina, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Pertti Ala-Aho (University of Oulu)
Miriam Coenders-Gerrits (TU Delft - Water Systems Monitoring & Modelling)
Jannis Groh (ZALF, Universität Bonn, Forschungszentrum Jülich)
Julian Klaus (Universität Bonn)
Julia L.A. Knapp (Durham University)
Gerbrand Koren (Universiteit Utrecht)
Iris Bakiri (University of Tirana)
Esther Xu Fei (Johns Hopkins University)
Marina Gillon (Avignon University)
Ciaran Harman (Johns Hopkins University)
Christophe Hissler (Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology)
Tegan Holmes (University of Calgary)
Ghulam Jeelani (University of Kashmir)
Andis Kalvans (University of Latvia)
Alessandro Montemagno (Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology)
Emel Zeray Öztürk (Konya Technical University)
Petra Žvab Rožič (University of Ljubljana)
Tricia Stadnyk (University of Calgary)
Christine Stumpp (BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences)
Nicolas Valiente (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha)
Jana von Freyberg (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne)
Polona Vreča (Jozef Stefan Institute)
Giulia Zuecco (Università degli Studi di Padova)
Ilja van Meerveld (Universitat Zurich)
Daniele Penna (University of Florence, Oregon State University)
James W. Kirchner (University of California, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, ETH Zürich)
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Abstract
Safeguarding water resources for society and ecosystems requires a comprehensive understanding of hydrological fluxes within the Critical Zone, Earth's living skin where the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere meet. For decades, tracer-aided mixing models have been used to track water flow paths through the Critical Zone, mapping the journey of water particles from atmospheric moisture to groundwater. Recent advances in novel tracer measurements and modeling methodologies offer new insights into hydrological partitioning within the Critical Zone, enabling improved quantification of water fluxes across scales ranging from microscopic to macroscopic. Advanced tracer-aided modeling approaches enable more rigorous testing of assumptions and improved quantification of uncertainties. In this review, we (a) summarize state-of-the-art tracer and modeling techniques, with an emphasis on stable water isotope tracers, (b) synthesize insights emerging from new approaches, and (c) highlight opportunities to apply these methods in interdisciplinary Critical Zone research.
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