Granular open filter in rubble mound sand retaining structures

Physical model tests of a negative geometrically open filter layer

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Abstract

For the use of open filters in land reclamations new guidelines are needed as no research is currently done for the configuration of a sand layer is placed on top of a filter layer. This research focuses purely on the interaction between cyclic motions and the described sand-filter layer. A numerical OpenFOAM model is used to extract the order of magnitude of the parallel and perpendicular gradients from a numerically designed filter. With these gradients a model setup is designed where five sand-filter combinations are tested. All combinations are tested for both parallel and perpendicular gradients, which resulted in a range of critical gradients for both directions.