Analysis on the main controls and drivers of natural fracture distribution on the Lower Triassic sandstones in the West Netherlands Basin

Master thesis (2023)

Authors

F.O. Tutuarima Civil Engineering & Geosciences

Contributors

P.B.R. Bruna Applied Geology - CEG (mentor)
H.A. Abels Applied Geology - CEG (graduation committee member)
G. Bertotti Applied Geology - CEG (graduation committee member)
E. Cecchetti Applied Geology - CEG (mentor)
Anne Pluymakers Applied Geophysics and Petrophysics - CEG (graduation committee member)
Faculty
Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Civil Engineering & Geosciences
Copyright: © 2023 Frederieke Tutuarima
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Published Date

16-06-2023

Language

English

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Faculty

Civil Engineering & Geosciences

Abstract

In the geothermal exploration well, NLW-GT-01, in the West Netherlands Basin, a very tight reservoir with low porosity (≤5.0%) and matrix permeability (≤ 0.1mD) has been encountered in the Main Buntsandstein Subgroup. The impact of natural fractures, which can significantly impact fluid flow in tight reservoirs, has been studied. However, there is a lack of consensus in different studies on the fracture classification.

In this study, a re-evaluation is performed of the well data of the NLW-GT-01 and VAL-01 wells. An analysis comparing core, geophysical, and image logs is performed to document the drivers and characteristics of natural fracture distribution in the WNB and investigate the geological and geomechanical parameters influencing the development of fractures in the Main Buntsandstein Subgroup.

On the core of NLW-GT-01 and VAL-01, five types of fractures are classified veins, joints, Mode II fractures, stylolites and drilling-induced fractures. The natural fractures have a dominant NW-SE strike orientation. The drilling-induced fractures and the borehole breakouts indicate a NE-SW oriented in-situ minimum stress and an NW-SE oriented maximum stress. The natural fractures are favourably oriented to be open based on their orientation compared to the in-situ stress orientation.

The fractures are associated with large-scale tectonic events. During the burial of the formation related to the extensional phase of the WNB during the Mesozoic, veins, joints, conjugate fractures, and stylolites could be formed. During the inversion of the basin in the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic, tectonic stylolites could have been formed, and the previously formed conjugate fractures could have been reactivated.

Natural fractures are concentrated in more heterolithic intervals of the VAL-01 and NLW-GT-01 wells in both image logs and cores. These heterolithic sections display alternations of medium sandstones with silt- and claystones. The identification of more fractures in VAL-01 compared to NLW-GT-01 can be explained by the difference in basin location. VAL-01 is located in the centre of the basin where distal playa environments produced more fine-grained material alternating with coarser sands. The more proximal NLW-GT-01 is dominated by fluvial sands. The lithological variability produces Young’s and Shear modulus variability that seems to be driving increased fracture density rather than the
absolute value of the Young’s modulus causes this.