Print Email Facebook Twitter William Nelson Lovatt in Late Qing China Title William Nelson Lovatt in Late Qing China: War, Maritime Customs, and Treaty Ports, 1860-1904 Author Bracken, G. (TU Delft Spatial Planning and Strategy) Date 2023 Abstract China was forced to open its first treaty ports in 1842. This was one of the conditions of the Treaty of Nanking (now Nanjing), which ended the First Opium War (1839–42). The country was forced to make further concessions with the Treaty of Tientsin, which ended the Second Opium War (1856–60). China saw an ever-increasing number of treaty ports appear before the system finally ended in 1943. The second treaty also opened the Yangtze River to foreign trade and missionary activity, allowing Westerners to penetrate the Chinese interior. In the first year of the river's opening, Shanghai's customs revenues tripled, but the duties paid on goods, incoming and outgoing, were handed to Western customs officers, who then forwarded receipts to Peking (now Beijing). This was because during the early stages of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–64), the British had begun collecting import duties, and because the revenues were so much larger [...] Subject Qing Chinatreaty ports (China)China customs service To reference this document use: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c428515a-7c9e-490d-852e-6ca8cb5e7a4a DOI https://doi.org/10.1215/00219118-10849582 ISSN 1752-0401 Source The Journal of Asian Studies, 82 (3), 462-463 Part of collection Institutional Repository Document type review Rights © 2023 G. Bracken Files PDF Patterson_s_William_Nelso ... _China.pdf 171.5 KB Close viewer /islandora/object/uuid:c428515a-7c9e-490d-852e-6ca8cb5e7a4a/datastream/OBJ/view