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Van Beek, V.M. (author), Knoeff, H.G. (author), Schweckendiek, T. (author)Backward piping is the process of channel formation in a sandy aquifer under river dikes. During high water periods this process manifests itself by the formation of sand boils. A long history of cases and experiments has contributed to the insights into this phenomenon and has improved the ability to predict the safety of levees.book chapter 2011