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Zhao, Junqiao (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Feng, Tiantian (author)The Level-of-Detail (LOD) 2 building models defined in CityGML are used widely in three-dimensional (3D) city applications. Many of these applications demand valid solid-based geometry (closed 2-manifold), which is crucial for analytical and computational purposes. However, this condition is often violated in practice because of the way LOD2...journal article 2018
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Elevation datasets (e.g. point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city models be generated solely from 2D data without elevation measurements. We show that it is possible to predict the height of buildings from 2D data (their...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author)The concept of level of detail (LOD) describes the content of 3D city models and it plays an essential role during their life cycle. On one hand it comes akin to the concepts of scale in cartography and LOD in computer graphics, on the other hand it is a standalone concept that requires attention. LOD has an influence on tendering and...doctoral thesis 2017
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Diakite, A.A. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Li, Ki-Joune (author)Boosted by the dynamic urbanization of cities, indoor environments are getting more and more complex in order to be able to host people properly. While most of our time is spent inside buildings, the need of GIS tools to assist our daily activities that can become tedious, such as indoor navigation or facility management, became more and more...conference paper 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Sindram, M. (author)Building datasets (e.g. footprints in OpenStreetMap and 3D city models) are becoming increasingly available worldwide. However, the thematic (attribute) aspect is not always given attention, as many of such datasets are lacking in completeness of attributes. A prominent attribute of buildings is the year of construction, which is useful for some...conference paper 2017
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Road traffic and industrial noise has become a major source of discomfort and annoyance among the residents in urban areas. More than 44 % of the EU population is regularly exposed to road traffic noise levels over 55 dB, which is currently the maximum accepted value prescribed by the Environmental Noise Directive for road traffic...conference paper 2017
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Labetski, A. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The increasing popularity of 3D city models in navigation, urban planning, etc.,<br/>necessitates application-specific and geometrically accurate and valid models. The concept of Levels of Detail (LoDs) indicate a model’s scale of adherence to its real-world counterpart. Highly detailed datasets often contain errors or require an exorbitant...conference paper 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Du, X. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Soon, Kean Huat (author), Khoo, Victor (author)To be used as input in most simulation and modelling software, 3D city models should be geometrically and topologically valid, and semantically rich. We investigate in this paper what is the quality of currently available CityGML datasets, i.e. we validate the geometry/topology of the 3D primitives (Solid and MultiSurface), and we validate...conference paper 2016
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Diakite, A.A. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author)For several decades, indoor navigation has been exclusively investigated in a 2D perspective, based on floor plans, projection and other 2D representations of buildings. Nevertheless, 3D representations are closer to our reality and offer a more intuitive description of the space configuration. Thanks to recent advances in 3D modelling, 3D...journal article 2016
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Löwner, Marc-O (author), Gröger, Gerhard (author), Benner, Joachim (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Nagel, Claus (author)The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) CityGML standard offers a Level of Detail (LoD) concept that enables the representation of CityGML features from a very detailed to a less detailed description. Due to a rising application variety, the current LoD concept seems to be too inflexible. Here, we present a multi representation concept (MRC) that...conference paper 2016
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Alam, M.N. (author), Coors, V. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), van Oosterom, P.J.M. (author)In this paper, an analysis of the effect of the various types of resolution involved in photovoltaic potential computation is presented. To calculate solar energy incident on a surface, shadow from surrounding buildings has been considered. The incident energy on a surface has been calculated taking the orientation, tilt and position into...conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The production and dissemination of semantic 3D city models is rapidly increasing benefiting a growing number of use cases. However, their availability in multiple LODs and in the CityGML format is still problematic in practice. This hinders applications and experiments where multi-LOD datasets are required as input, for instance, to determine...conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Vosselman, G. (author)The level of detail (LOD) of a 3D city model indicates the model's grade and usability. However, there exist multiple valid variants of each LOD. As a consequence, the LOD concept is inconclusive as an instruction for the acquisition of 3D city models. For instance, the top surface of an LOD1 block model may be modelled at the eaves of a...journal article 2016
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Ates Aydar, S. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Demir Ozbek, E. (author), Yomraliogly, T (author)This paper presents the generation of the 3D national building geo-data model of Turkey, which is compatible with the international OGC CityGML Encoding Standard. We prepare an ADE named CityGML-TRKBIS.BI that is produced by extending existing thematic modules of CityGML according to TRKBIS needs. All thematic data groups in TRKBIS geo-data...conference paper 2016
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)In addition to buildings, the terrain forms an important part of a 3D city model. Although in GIS terrains are usually represented with 2D grids, TINs are also increasingly being used in practice. One example is 3DTOP10NL, the 3D city model covering the whole of the Netherlands, which stores the relief with a constrained TIN containing more than...conference paper 2016
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Rook, Merwin (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author)The lack of semantic information in many 3D city models is a considerable limiting factor in their use, as a lot of applications rely on semantics. Such information is not always available, since it is not collected at all times, it might be lost due to data transformation, or its lack may be caused by non-interoperability in data integration...conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Coltekin, A. (author)In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across...journal article 2015
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The CityGML standard enables the modelling of some topological relationships, and the representation in multiple levels of detail (LODs). However, both concepts are rarely utilised in reality. In this paper we investigate the linking of corresponding geometric features across multiple representations. We describe the possible topological cases,...conference paper 2014
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The geometry of the LOD1 block model of CityGML may be represented in a multitude of valid variants, e.g. it may represent individual buildings or aggregated blocks. The geometric representations within each of these, such as the reference of the footprint of a building, are not standardised in CityGML and are not informed in the metadata. The...conference paper 2014
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Isikdag, U. (author), Horhammer, M. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Kathmann, R. (author), Van Oosterom, P.J.M. (author)Valuation of real estate/ properties is in many countries/ cities the basis for fair taxation. The value depends on many aspects, including the physical real world aspects (geometries, material of object as build) and legal/virtual aspects (rights, restrictions, responsibilities, zoning/development plans applicable to the objects spaces)....conference paper 2014