Determining a functional responsibility allocation between public and private parties in a long-term maintenance contract for waterworks

A proper allocation of risks and responsibilities is vital for the success of long-term maintenance contracts. This paper focuses on a method to identify an adequate allocation of responsibilities for the maintenance of waterworks. The Dutch agency recently started outsourcing the maintenance of their waterworks in DBFM contracts. In order to...

Electric-field enhanced fluidized beds: A low-energy bubble control method

Reducing the size of gas bubbles can significantly improve the performance of gas-solid fluidized beds one of the most common reactor types in the chemical industry applied for such diverse systems as gasoline and plastics production to foods processing. However, a control of bubbles in these reactors is difficult to realize without measures...

Bubble size reduction in a fluidized bed by electric fields

The reduction of the size of bubbles can improve both selectivity and conversion in gas-solid fluidized beds. Results are reported of the reduction of bubble size by the application of electric fields to uncharged, polarizable particles in fluidized beds. It is shown how average bubble diameters can be drastically reduced, with little change of...