4D printed shape-shifting biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications

The existing 3D printing methods exhibit certain fabrication-dependent limitations for printing curved constructs that are relevant for many tissues. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology that is expected to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). 4D printing is based on 3D printing,...

Programming of shape-shifting with 3D printers

Materials and devices with advanced functionalities often need to include functionalities such as surface features into complex 3D geometries. Precisely controlled bio-nanopatterns, printed electric components and sensors/actuators are all examples of such surface features. However, the vast majority of the refined technologies that are...