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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author)3D city models are an important research topic within geographic information, but there is still a lack of good tools to work with them in practice. In an attempt to alleviate this problem and to help with our own research, we have developed azul, a free and open‐source macOS 3D viewer that was especially engineered for the visualization of 3D...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Eriksson, Helen (author), Guler, Dogus (author), Hintz, Dean (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), coined as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g., 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ellul, C (author), Harrie, L (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Kokla, M. (author)In both research and practice, data interoperability is considered essential to support a rising number of applications that need data from different domains. Therefore, standard data formats and models are developed by standardization organizations such as Open Geospatial Consortium (for the Geo domain)<br/>and buildingSMART (for the BIM domain...report 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ellul, C. (author), Harrie, L. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Kokla, M. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Standardised data formats and data models are essential for data integration and interoperability, which in turn adds value to data by allowing its reuse in multiple contexts. For this reason, in recent years extensive efforts have been focused on standards development. When representing the built environment, 3D city models and Building...journal article 2020
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Vitalis, S. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)When QGIS 3.0 was released in 2018, it added support for 3D visualisation. At the same time, CityJSON has been developing as an easy‐to‐use JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) encoding for 3D city models using the CityGML 2.0 data model. Together, this opened the possibility to support semantic 3D city models in the popular open‐source GIS...journal article 2020
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Boersma, F. (author), Dahle, F. (author), Li, X. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)As web applications become more popular, 3D city models would greatly benefit from a proper web-based solution to visualise and manage them. CityJSON was introduced as a JSON encoding of the CityGML data model and promises, among several benefits, the ability to be integrated with modern web technologies. In order to provide an implementation...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Wu, T. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Tezerdi, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Among the digitalization processes which are being raised in Europe and in the world, the building permit process is seen as one of the priorities by municipalities, governmental institutions and standardization organizations. However, in current practice, the building permit issuing as well as the integration of geoinformation with BIM ...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), van Liempt, J.N.H. (author), Vitalis, S. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)OGC CityGML is an open standard for 3D city models intended to foster interoperability and support various applications. However, through our practical experience and discussions with practitioners, we have noticed several problems related to the implementation of the standard and the use of standardized data. Nevertheless, a systematic...journal article 2020
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Ledoux, H. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Dukai, B. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Vitalis, S. (author)The international standard CityGML is both a data model and an exchange format to store digital 3D models of cities. While the data model is used by several cities, companies, and governments, in this paper we argue that its XML-based exchange format has several drawbacks. These drawbacks mean that it is difficult for developers to implement...journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are being extensively used in applications such as evacuation scenarios and energy consumption estimation. The main standard for 3D city models is the CityGML data model which can be encoded through the CityJSON data format. CityGML and CityJSON use polygonal modelling in order to represent geometries. True topological data...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)LandInfra is a relatively new open standard for modelling and representing land and infrastructure features. As it overlaps with other open standards in BIM (IFC) and 3D GIS (CityGML), it has been recognised as a potential candidate to bridge the gap between the two domains. However, the knowledge of this standard in both communities is low, and...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The relatively new Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard LandInfra documents in its data model land and civil engineering infrastructure features. It has a Geography Markup Language (GML) implementation, OGC InfraGML, which has essentially no software support and is rarely used in practice. In order to share the benefits of LandInfra (and...journal article 2019
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)GeoBIM, the integration of 3D geoinformation (Geo) with building information models (BIM), is a subject of increasing attention in both domains. A well-known practical challenge for this integration is the mixed state of software support for open standards in each domain that would ease the integration. This is often known by practitioners but...journal article 2019
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Noardo, F. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Devys, Emmanuel (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Olsson, Perola (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)In both the Geo and BIM domains, it is widely acknowledged that the integration of geo-data and BIM-data is beneficial and a crucial step in facing the multi-disciplinary challenges of our built environment. The result of this integration – broadly termed as GeoBIM – has a range of potential uses from district study to road safety. However, from...journal article 2019
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Noardo, F. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)An investigation into the implementation state of open standards in software is currently ongoing through the ISPRS/EuroSDR ‘GeoBIM benchmark 2019’ initiative, which kicked off earlier this year. The benchmark activity provides a way of assessing and comparing the functionality of different software packages in GIS and BIM in terms of their...journal article 2019
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Noardo, F. (author), Ellul, C. (author), Harrie, L. (author), Overland, I. (author), Shariat, M. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The integration of geoinformation with BIM (GeoBIM) is critical to underpin solutions to many city-related challenges. However, to achieve an effective integration it is necessary to consider not only data and technical options but also current practice and users’ needs. This paper describes work carried out within the EuroSDR-GeoBIM project...journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)A 3D city model should be constantly updated with new versions, either to reflect the changes in its real-world counterpart, or to improve and correct parts of the model. However, the current standards for 3D city models do not support versioning, and existing version control systems do not work well with 3D city models. In this paper, we...journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are being increasingly adopted by organisations in order to serve application needs related to urban areas. In order to fulfil the different requirements of various applications, the concept of Level of Detail (LoD) has been incorporated in 3D city models specifications, such as CityGML. Therefore, datasets of different LoDs are...conference paper 2018
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)It is widely acknowledged that the integration of BIM and GIS data is a crucial step forward for future 3D city modelling, but most of the research conducted so far has covered only the high-level and semantic aspects of GIS-BIM integration. This paper presents the results of the GeoBIM project, which tackled three integration problems focussing...journal article 2018
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)The boundary between geo and BIM is getting fuzzy, but working with IFC models from practice shows that converting BIM data in a format useful in GIS and vice versa is still far from straightforward.journal article 2018