Estimation of direct energy consumption and CO₂ emission by high speed rail, transrapid maglev and hyperloop passenger transport systems

This paper deals with estimation of direct energy consumption and related emissions of GHG exclusively, including CO₂, by the High Speed Rail (HSR), Trans Rapid Maglev (TRM), and Hyperloop (HL) passenger transport systems. This includes developing the corresponding analytical models based on the mechanical energy and applying them...