Should an external human-machine interface flash or just show text?: A study with a gaze-contingent setup

Automated vehicles need to prioritize pedestrian safety. One way to achieve this is through external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) that send visual signals to pedestrians. eHMIs can be either text-based or light-based. However, there has been limited research on the effects of these types of eHMI on human information processing and...