Non-linear time history modeling of damage initiation and development in an unreinforced masonry cavity wall under out-of-plane loading

The light and frequent earthquakes in the north of the Netherlands, particularly in the province of Groningen, have recently exposed the unreinforced masonry structures to seismic activities. Since these structures do not adhere to seismic regulations, they are considered vulnerable to seismicity. The ultimate state capacity of the structures is...