Wing Optimisation for Tractor Propeller Configurations: Validation and Application of Low-Order Numerical Models Adapted to Include Propeller-Induced Velocities

Even though propellers are the oldest form of propulsion, they are still a popular choice for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and passenger aircraft in certain market segments. If the propellers are mounted on the wing, strong propeller-wing interactions alter the aerodynamic efficiency of the aircraft. Using low-order numerical models, it is...